# GenetixBay cannabis glossary

> 759 cannabis growing, breeding, chemistry, lab-testing, legal and grower-slang terms, one per line: Term (aka synonyms, abbreviations, slang and misspellings): one-sentence definition. Canonical URL. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); attribute "GenetixBay cannabis glossary". Full entries: https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ · JSON: https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/api/glossary.json · Articles: https://genetixbay.com/llms.txt

## Plant biology

Abscisic acid (aka ABA, abscisin, dormin, stress hormone): A plant hormone (ABA) that signals water stress, closes stomata and maintains seed dormancy. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/abscisic-acid.html
Achene (aka cannabis seed, seed (botanical), achenes, fruit): The dry, single-seeded fruit of cannabis that growers call a seed; a hard shell (pericarp plus seed coat) encloses one embryo and does not split open. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/achene.html
Anther (aka anthers, pollen sac, pollen sacs, stamen, pollen pod): The pollen-producing part of a stamen; in cannabis each male flower has five anthers that split to shed wind-blown pollen. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/anther.html
Anthocyanin (aka anthocyanins, purple pigment, purple colour, purple color, purpling): A water-soluble flavonoid pigment stored in cell vacuoles that colours leaves, stems and flowers red, purple or blue, set by genetics and enhanced by cool temperatures. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/anthocyanin.html
Apical dominance (aka apical control, top dominance, leader dominance): The suppression of side-shoot growth by the main growing tip, driven mainly by auxin flowing down the stem from the apex. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/apical-dominance.html
Apical meristem (aka shoot apical meristem, SAM, growing tip, growth tip, shoot tip): The zone of dividing cells at the very tip of a shoot (or root) that produces new leaves, nodes and stem; removing it is what topping does. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/apical-meristem.html
Autoflower (aka autoflowering, auto, autos, day-neutral, day neutral, autoflowering cannabis, autoflowering seeds): A day-neutral cannabis plant that starts flowering by age, usually a few weeks after germination, regardless of light schedule; the trait is mainly recessive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/autoflower.html
Auxin (aka auxins, IAA, indole-3-acetic acid, IBA, indole-3-butyric acid, NAA): A class of plant hormones, chiefly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), that drives cell elongation, apical dominance, bending toward light and root formation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/auxin.html
Axillary bud (aka lateral bud, auxiliary bud, axil bud, side shoot bud): A dormant shoot bud in the angle (axil) between a leaf and the stem at each node, able to grow into a branch or a flower cluster. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/axillary-bud.html
Bract (aka perigonal bract, bracts, floral bract, pistillate bract, seed bract): In cannabis, the small leaf-like sheath (perigonal bract) that wraps each female flower's ovary and carries the densest capitate-stalked trichomes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bract.html
Bulbous trichome (aka bulbous trichomes, bulbous gland, bulbous glandular trichome): The smallest glandular trichome on cannabis, a few cells with a tiny head (about 10-30 µm), scattered over leaves and stems. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bulbous-trichome.html
Calyx (aka calyxes, calyces, perianth, calyx-to-leaf ratio): Botanically, the sepals of a flower; in female cannabis a thin, reduced perianth on the ovary, though growers use the word for the resinous bract. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/calyx.html
Cannabis sativa L. (aka Cannabis sativa, C. sativa, cannabis species, Cannabaceae): The single botanical species, in the family Cannabaceae, that covers all hemp and drug-type cannabis; "L." credits Linnaeus, who named it in 1753. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cannabis-sativa.html
Capitate-sessile trichome (aka capitate sessile trichome, sessile trichome, sessile glandular trichome, capitate-sessile): A glandular trichome with a resin head but little or no stalk, sitting close to the surface of leaves and young bracts. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/capitate-sessile-trichome.html
Capitate-stalked trichome (aka capitate stalked trichome, stalked glandular trichome, capitate-stalked, stalked trichome, mushroom trichome): The large mushroom-shaped glandular trichome on cannabis bracts, with a multicellular stalk and a resin-filled head; it holds most of the flower's cannabinoids and terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/capitate-stalked-trichome.html
Chlorophyll (aka chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophylls, green pigment): The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs mainly blue and red light to drive photosynthesis; chlorophyll a and b are the main forms in plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chlorophyll.html
Chlorosis (aka chlorotic, leaf chlorosis, yellowing of leaves): Yellowing of normally green plant tissue caused by too little chlorophyll, from nutrient shortage, poor root uptake, pH lockout, light damage, pests or normal ageing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chlorosis.html
Cola (aka colas, main cola, top cola, terminal bud, apical bud cluster): The dense, elongated cluster of flowers that forms at the end of a stem or branch; the main cola tops the leader. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cola.html
Cotyledon (aka cotyledons, seed leaf, seed leaves, cotys): One of the two rounded seed leaves packed in the embryo that open first after germination and feed the seedling until the true leaves take over. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cotyledon.html
Cystolith trichome (aka cystolith, cystolithic hair, non-glandular trichome, non-glandular trichomes, unicellular trichome, covering trichome): A non-glandular, claw-shaped hair on cannabis leaves that contains a calcium carbonate crystal (cystolith); it makes no resin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cystolith-trichome.html
Cytokinin (aka cytokinins, kinetin, zeatin, BAP, 6-benzylaminopurine): A class of plant hormones made mainly in roots that promote cell division, shoot and side-bud growth, and delay leaf ageing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cytokinin.html
Dioecious (aka dioecy, dioecism, separate sexes, two-house plant): Having male and female flowers on separate individual plants; drug-type cannabis is naturally dioecious with an XY sex-chromosome system. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dioecious.html
Ethylene (aka ethene, C2H4, ripening hormone, ethylene gas): A gaseous plant hormone that regulates ripening, senescence, stress responses and, in cannabis, female flower expression; blocking it makes females produce pollen. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ethylene.html
Fan leaf (aka fan leaves, fans, water leaves, shade leaves, big leaves): A large palmate cannabis leaf with several long leaflets on a long petiole; fan leaves do most of the plant's photosynthesis and carry few trichomes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fan-leaf.html
Flowering stage (aka flowering phase, flower stage, bloom, bloom phase, flowering period, in flower): The reproductive phase of the cannabis life cycle, from the switch to flowering until harvest, during which the plant stretches, builds buds and ripens resin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/flowering-stage.html
Gibberellin (aka gibberellins, GA, GA3, gibberellic acid): A family of plant hormones (gibberellins, GA) that promote stem elongation, seed germination and, in cannabis, can shift sex expression toward male flowers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gibberellin.html
Hermaphrodite (aka hermie, herm, hermaphroditic, intersex, intersex plant, hermaphroditism): In cannabis growing, a plant (usually female) that develops both pistillate and staminate flowers or anthers; botanists call it intersex or monoecious expression. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hermaphrodite.html
Hypocotyl (aka seedling stem, hypocotyl stem, stem below the cotyledons): The section of seedling stem between the root and the cotyledons; it elongates to lift the seed leaves above the medium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hypocotyl.html
Internode (aka internodes, internodal spacing, internode length, node spacing): The length of stem between two adjacent nodes; short internodes mean compact plants and tight bud stacking, long ones mean stretch. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/internode.html
Interveinal chlorosis (aka interveinal yellowing, green veins yellow leaf, yellow between the veins): Yellowing of the leaf tissue between the veins while the veins themselves stay green; on old leaves it points to magnesium, on new leaves to iron or manganese. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/interveinal-chlorosis.html
Leaf clawing (aka the claw, claw leaves, clawed leaves, eagle claw): Leaves whose tips hook sharply downward like a claw, usually on dark green leaves; a classic sign of excess nitrogen, and also seen with waterlogged roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leaf-clawing.html
Leaflet (aka leaflets, leaf blade, finger, fingers, leaf fingers): One of the separate serrated blades that make up a palmate cannabis leaf; a mature fan leaf typically has five to eleven leaflets. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leaflet.html
Monoecious (aka monoecy, monoecism, monoecious hemp, co-sexual): Having both male and female flowers on the same individual plant; in cannabis, a trait deliberately bred into some hemp cultivars, not the natural norm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/monoecious.html
Necrosis (aka necrotic, necrotic spots, dead tissue, leaf necrosis): Death of plant tissue, seen as brown, tan or black patches, spots, tips or margins; it is permanent and the end point of many nutrient, salt, pest, disease and environmental problems. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/necrosis.html
Node (aka nodes, nodal site, leaf node, growth node): The point on a stem where a leaf (petiole) and its axillary bud attach; branches, flowers and clone roots all originate at nodes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/node.html
Oedema (aka edema, leaf edema, leaf oedema, intumescence, intumescences): Small blisters or corky bumps on leaf undersides caused by cells swelling with water and bursting when roots take up more water than the leaves can transpire, typically in cool, humid, wet conditions. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/oedema.html
Petiole (aka leaf stalk, leaf stem, petioles, leafstalk): The stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem at a node; in cannabis it carries all the leaflets of a palmate leaf. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/petiole.html
Phloem (aka phloem tissue, sieve tubes, sugar transport tissue, phloem sap): The plant's living transport tissue that carries sugars, amino acids, hormones and mobile nutrients from leaves to roots, buds and other growing parts. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phloem.html
Photoperiod (aka photoperiodism, photoperiodic, day length, photoperiod plant, photoperiod strain, photo, photos): The daily length of light versus dark; photoperiod cannabis flowers when nights grow long enough, rather than at a fixed age. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/photoperiod.html
Photosynthesis (aka photosynthetic, carbon fixation, C3 photosynthesis, light reactions): The process in chloroplasts that uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen; cannabis uses the C3 pathway. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/photosynthesis.html
Phytochrome (aka phytochromes, Pr, Pfr, red/far-red receptor, phyB): A family of plant photoreceptors that sense red and far-red light, measuring night length for flowering and shade for stem elongation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phytochrome.html
Pistil (aka pistils, hairs, pistillate organ, gynoecium, female hairs): The female reproductive organ of a flower (ovary, style and stigmas); in cannabis growers loosely call the visible white stigmas "pistils". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pistil.html
Pistillate flower (aka female flower, female flowers, pistillate flowers, carpellate flower): A female flower with a pistil but no functional stamens; in cannabis, a bract-wrapped ovary topped by two stigmas. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pistillate-flower.html
Pre-flower (aka preflower, pre-flowers, preflowers, pre flower, primordia, sex primordia): The first individual flowers that form at stem nodes during late vegetative growth, letting a grower tell male from female before full flowering. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pre-flower.html
Radicle (aka embryonic root, seed root, first root, taproot tip): The embryonic root, the first structure to emerge from a germinating seed, which grows down to become the primary root or taproot. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/radicle.html
Rhizosphere (aka root zone biology, rhizosphere microbiome, root microbiome, rhizo): The narrow zone of medium immediately around living roots, shaped by root exudates and densely populated by microbes that influence nutrient uptake and root health. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rhizosphere.html
Root hair (aka root hairs, root fuzz, absorbing hairs): A microscopic tube-like outgrowth of a single root epidermal cell near the root tip that greatly increases surface area for water and nutrient uptake. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-hair.html
Ruderalis (aka Cannabis ruderalis, C. ruderalis, ruderalis genetics, ruderal cannabis): A name for wild or feral, short, early-flowering northern cannabis populations, the historic source of the autoflowering trait; not a separate species in GenetixBay's view. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ruderalis.html
Seed coat (aka testa, seed shell, seed hull, shell, hull): The protective outer layer of a seed; in cannabis it is fused to the fruit wall and forms the hard shell that cracks open at germination. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seed-coat.html
Senescence (aka leaf senescence, fade, the fade, autumn colours, fall colors, senescing): The programmed ageing and breakdown of leaves and other tissues, in which the plant recycles nutrients (especially nitrogen) from old leaves to developing flowers and seeds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/senescence.html
Serration (aka serrated edge, serrations, leaf teeth, toothed margin): The saw-toothed edge of a cannabis leaflet, with teeth pointing toward the leaflet tip. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/serration.html
Short-day plant (aka short day plant, short-day plants, SDP, long-night plant, short-day flowering): A plant that flowers when the night exceeds a critical length (days are short enough); photoperiod cannabis is a short-day plant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/short-day-plant.html
Staminate flower (aka male flower, male flowers, staminate flowers, male pollen flower): A male flower that carries stamens (anthers on filaments) and no functional pistil; in cannabis, five drooping sepals around five pollen-shedding anthers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/staminate-flower.html
Stigma (aka stigmas, stigmata, white hairs, orange hairs, red hairs): The sticky, hair-like tip of the female pistil that catches pollen; each cannabis female flower has two, white when fresh and darkening with age. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stigma.html
Stomata (aka stoma, stomate, stomates, leaf pores, guard cells): Microscopic pores, mostly on the underside of leaves, each opened and closed by two guard cells to control gas exchange and water loss. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stomata.html
Sugar leaf (aka sugar leaves, trim leaves, bud leaves): A small leaf growing from within the flower cluster, often coated in trichomes, which is trimmed off and commonly kept for processing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sugar-leaf.html
Taco leaf (aka tacoing, taco leaves, canoeing, canoe leaves, leaf tacoing): A leaf whose edges fold upward along the midrib like a taco shell or canoe, usually at the top of the canopy; a sign of heat, high VPD or excess light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/taco-leaf.html
Taproot (aka tap root, primary root, main root, tap-root): The dominant primary root that grows straight down from the radicle of a seed-grown plant, with lateral roots branching from it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/taproot.html
Transpiration (aka transpire, transpiring, evapotranspiration, leaf water loss): The evaporation of water from a plant, mainly through open stomata, which pulls water and dissolved nutrients up from the roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/transpiration.html
Trichome (aka trichomes, resin glands, resin heads, crystals, glandular hairs): A hair-like outgrowth of the plant's skin; in cannabis the glandular types make and store the resin holding cannabinoids and terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/trichome.html
True leaves (aka first true leaves, true leaf, first set of leaves, first serrated leaves): The first leaves produced by the shoot tip after the cotyledons, with the plant's characteristic serrated leaflets. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/true-leaves.html
Xylem (aka xylem vessels, xylem tissue, water-conducting tissue, tracheids): The plant's water-conducting tissue, which carries water and dissolved mineral ions upward from roots to leaves, driven mainly by transpiration. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/xylem.html

## Genetics and breeding

Accession (aka accessions, germplasm accession, seed accession, accession number): An accession is a distinct sample of plant material (seed, tissue or cuttings) entered into a collection or gene bank under its own ID with records of origin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/accession.html
Allele (aka alleles, gene variant, allelic variant): An allele is one version of a gene; a diploid cannabis plant carries two alleles at each locus, one from each parent, which may be the same or different. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/allele.html
Backcross (aka BX, BC, backcrossing, BX1, BX2, BX3, back cross, cubing, cubed): A backcross is a cross of a hybrid back to one of its parents (or that parent's line), repeated to recover the parent's traits while keeping one introduced trait. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/backcross.html
Chemotype (aka chemotypes, chemical phenotype, cannabinoid chemotype, chemotype I, chemotype III): A chemotype is a plant's chemical phenotype, in cannabis usually its dominant cannabinoid class: THC-dominant (I), mixed (II), CBD-dominant (III), CBG-dominant (IV) or cannabinoid-free (V). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chemotype.html
Chemovar (aka chemovars, chemical variety, chemical cultivar): A chemovar is a cultivar defined and named by its chemical profile, chiefly cannabinoids and terpenes, rather than by its appearance or a market strain name. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chemovar.html
Chromosome (aka chromosomes, chromosome pair, autosome, autosomes, karyotype): A chromosome is one long DNA molecule packaged with proteins that carries many genes; cannabis normally has 10 pairs, nine autosome pairs plus an X/Y sex pair. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chromosome.html
Clone-only (aka clone only, clone-only cut, clone-only strain, cut-only): A clone-only is a cultivar that exists only as cuttings from one original plant, with no seed line that reliably reproduces it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/clone-only.html
Codominant (aka codominance, co-dominant, co-dominance, incomplete dominance): Codominance is when both alleles at a locus show in a heterozygous plant, as with THCA and CBDA synthase, so a B_T/B_D plant makes both THC and CBD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/codominant.html
Cultivar (aka cultivars, cultivated variety, cv., variety, varietal): A cultivar (cultivated variety) is a group of cultivated plants selected for distinct, uniform and stable traits that are kept when propagated, by seed or by cuttings. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cultivar.html
Diploid (aka diploidy, 2n, diploid plant): A diploid organism carries two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; normal cannabis is diploid with 2n = 20. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/diploid.html
Dominant (aka dominance, dominant allele, complete dominance): A dominant allele is one whose effect shows in the phenotype even when only one copy is present, masking the other (recessive) allele at that locus. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dominant.html
Epistasis (aka epistatic, epistatic interaction, gene interaction, gene-gene interaction): Epistasis is an interaction between genes in which the effect of one gene depends on, or is masked by, alleles at another gene. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/epistasis.html
F1 (aka F1 hybrid, first filial generation, F1 seed, F1 hybrid seed, F1s): F1 is the first generation of offspring from crossing two parents; if the parents are inbred and different, F1 plants are uniform and often show hybrid vigour. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/f1.html
F2 (aka second filial generation, F2 generation, F2s, F2 seed): F2 is the second filial generation, made by crossing or selfing F1 plants; it shows the widest segregation, bringing back hidden recessives and new combinations. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/f2.html
Feminised seed (aka feminized seed, feminised seeds, feminized seeds, feminised, feminized): Feminised seed is seed made by pollinating a female with pollen from another female (or itself) that was chemically reversed, so nearly every seed grows into a female. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/feminised-seed.html
Filial generation (aka filial, F-generation, F3, F4, F5, Fn, F-number): Filial generations (F1, F2, F3 and on) count generations of offspring from an original cross, each made by crossing plants of the previous generation together. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/filial-generation.html
Founder effect (aka founder population, founder effects, founder event): The founder effect is the loss of genetic diversity when a new population is started from a few individuals, so it carries only a sample of the source population's alleles. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/founder-effect.html
Gene (aka genes, genetic factor, hereditary unit): A gene is a stretch of DNA that carries the instructions for one functional product, usually a protein such as an enzyme, and is the basic unit of inheritance. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gene.html
Gene pool (aka gene pools, genetic diversity, allelic diversity, shrinking gene pool, narrowing gene pool): The gene pool is the total set of alleles present in a population, cultivar group or species; a narrow gene pool limits what breeders can select from. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gene-pool.html
Genetic bottleneck (aka bottleneck, population bottleneck, bottlenecked, bottleneck effect): A genetic bottleneck is a sharp drop in the number of breeding plants, after which the population carries only a fraction of its former genetic diversity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/genetic-bottleneck.html
Genetic drift (aka clone drift, random genetic drift, allele drift, clone decline): Genetic drift is random change in allele frequencies between generations of a seed population, strongest in small populations; clones do not drift this way. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/genetic-drift.html
Genotype (aka genotypes, genetic make-up, genetic makeup, genome type): The genotype is the set of alleles a plant actually carries, either at one locus or across its whole genome, as opposed to the traits you can see. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/genotype.html
Genotype by environment interaction (aka GxE, G×E, GxE interaction, genotype-environment interaction, phenotypic plasticity): Genotype by environment interaction (GxE) is when different genotypes respond differently to the same change in conditions, so the best cultivar in one room may not be best in another. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/genotype-by-environment.html
Genotyping (aka DNA test, DNA testing, genetic testing, DNA fingerprinting, genetic fingerprint, genotype test): Genotyping is reading a plant's DNA at selected markers to identify it, compare it with other plants, check sex or chemotype, or estimate its ancestry. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/genotyping.html
Germplasm (aka germ plasm, genetic resources, plant genetic resources, breeding material, genetic material): Germplasm is living genetic material (seeds, pollen, tissue or plants) kept for breeding, research or conservation, representing the genetic diversity of a crop. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/germplasm.html
Heirloom (aka heirloom line, heirloom seed, heritage line, heritage seed, heirloom strain): An heirloom is a seed line kept and passed down by growers for decades, usually outside its region of origin, preserving an older type rather than a recent hybrid. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heirloom.html
Heritability (aka heritable, h2, broad-sense heritability, narrow-sense heritability): Heritability is the share of a trait's variation within a population that is due to genetic differences rather than environment, on a scale from 0 to 1. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heritability.html
Heterosis (aka hybrid vigour, hybrid vigor, heterotic, F1 vigour, hybrid vitality): Heterosis (hybrid vigour) is the tendency of offspring from genetically different parents to outgrow or outperform both parents in traits such as vigour and yield. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heterosis.html
Heterozygous (aka heterozygote, heterozygosity, heterozygotes, het): A plant is heterozygous at a locus when it carries two different alleles there (Aa), so its offspring can inherit either one and segregate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heterozygous.html
Homozygous (aka homozygote, homozygosity, homozygotes): A plant is homozygous at a locus when it carries two identical alleles there (AA or aa), so it passes the same allele to every offspring. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/homozygous.html
Hybrid (aka hybrids, hybrid strain, hybridisation, hybridization, crossbred): A hybrid is the offspring of two genetically different parents; almost all modern cannabis is hybrid, built from crosses between landrace-derived and other lines. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hybrid.html
IBL (aka IBLs, in-bred line, stabilised line, stabilized line, stable line): An IBL (inbred line) is a seed line that has been inbred and selected over many generations until it breeds true for its main traits, giving uniform offspring. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ibl.html
Inbred line (aka inbred lines, inbreeding, inbred population, inbreeding coefficient): Inbreeding is mating between related plants, which raises homozygosity; an inbred line is the resulting population, measured by the inbreeding coefficient F. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/inbred-line.html
Inbreeding depression (aka inbreeding decline, inbred depression, loss of vigour from inbreeding): Inbreeding depression is the loss of vigour, fertility, yield or survival that follows mating between relatives, mainly because harmful recessive alleles become homozygous. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/inbreeding-depression.html
Independent assortment (aka law of independent assortment, Mendel's second law, free assortment): Independent assortment is Mendel's rule that alleles of genes on different chromosomes are passed to gametes independently of each other, creating new trait combinations. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/independent-assortment.html
Indica (aka Cannabis indica, C. indica, indica-dominant, indicas, broad-leaf): Indica is a popular label for broad-leaflet, compact, faster-flowering cannabis plants; it describes plant shape at most, not a separate species or a predictable effect. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/indica.html
Introgression (aka introgressed, introgressive hybridisation, introgressive hybridization, gene flow, trait introgression): Introgression is the movement of genes from one population or type into another through hybridisation followed by repeated backcrossing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/introgression.html
Landrace (aka landraces, land race, landrace strain, landrace variety, traditional variety): A landrace is a traditional, locally adapted cannabis population kept by farmers in one region over many generations, with its own type and plenty of internal variation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/landrace.html
Line breeding (aka linebreeding, line-bred, line breed, line work): Line breeding is a mild form of inbreeding in which plants are mated within a family, often back towards one outstanding ancestor, to concentrate its traits while limiting inbreeding. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/line-breeding.html
Linkage (aka genetic linkage, linked genes, linkage drag, linked traits): Linkage is the tendency of genes that sit close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together, rather than independently. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/linkage.html
Locus (aka loci, gene locus, genetic locus): A locus is the fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or DNA marker sits; the plural is loci. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/locus.html
Male selection (aka selecting males, male choice, picking a male, male hunting, stud male selection): Male selection is the choice of which male plants become parents, judged by their vigour, structure, early aroma and above all by the quality of their offspring. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/male-selection.html
Marker-assisted selection (aka MAS, marker assisted selection, marker-assisted breeding, molecular breeding, genomic selection): Marker-assisted selection is choosing seedlings or parents by testing DNA markers linked to wanted traits, so plants can be selected before they flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/marker-assisted-selection.html
Mendelian inheritance (aka Mendelian genetics, Mendel's laws, Mendelian ratios, Mendelism, simple inheritance): Mendelian inheritance is the pattern in which single genes pass from parents to offspring in predictable ratios, following Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mendelian-inheritance.html
Meristem culture (aka meristem tip culture, shoot tip culture, meristem cleaning, meristem propagation): Meristem culture is tissue culture from the tiny dome of dividing cells at a shoot tip, used to regenerate plants free of viroids and viruses. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/meristem-culture.html
Mutation (aka mutations, mutant, somatic mutation, bud sport, genetic mutation): A mutation is a change in a plant's DNA sequence, arising in seed or in one branch (a somatic mutation); mutations are rare and usually neutral. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mutation.html
Open-pollinated (aka OP, open pollination, open-pollinated seed, OP seed, open pollinated): Open-pollinated seed comes from a population left to cross freely among its own plants, without controlled pairs, which keeps a line's variation and type over generations. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/open-pollinated.html
Outcross (aka outcrossing, outcrossed, out-cross, wide cross): An outcross is a cross to an unrelated plant from outside the line, used to bring in new traits or vigour, or to rescue a line suffering inbreeding depression. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/outcross.html
P1 (aka P1 generation, parental generation, P generation, parental line): P1 is the parental generation: the two original plants crossed to start a breeding project, whose offspring are the F1. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/p1.html
Pheno hunt (aka pheno hunting, phenotype hunt, phenotype hunting, pheno-hunting): A pheno hunt is growing many seeds of one line side by side and evaluating them to select the best individual plants, which are then kept as clones. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pheno-hunt.html
Phenotype (aka phenotypes, phenotypic expression, observable traits): The phenotype is what a plant visibly and measurably is (shape, colour, smell, chemistry, timing), the result of its genotype acting in a particular environment. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phenotype.html
Pleiotropy (aka pleiotropic, pleiotropic gene, pleiotropic effect): Pleiotropy is when a single gene affects two or more apparently unrelated traits, so selecting on one trait changes the others too. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pleiotropy.html
Pollen (aka pollen grains, cannabis pollen, male pollen, pollen dust): Pollen is the fine powder released by male flowers that carries the male gametes; when it lands on a female's stigmas it fertilises the ovules and produces seed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pollen.html
Pollination (aka pollinating, pollinate, pollinated, hand pollination, seeding a branch, branch pollination): Pollination is the transfer of pollen onto a female flower's stigmas; in cannabis it is usually by wind, or by hand when breeders pollinate chosen branches to make seed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pollination.html
Polyhybrid (aka polyhybrids, poly-hybrid, multi-hybrid, complex hybrid): A polyhybrid is a cultivar whose recent ancestry mixes many different lines, so its seed segregates widely and rarely breeds true. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/polyhybrid.html
Polyploid (aka polyploidy, triploid, tetraploid, polyploids, chromosome doubling): A polyploid plant carries more than two full sets of chromosomes, such as a triploid (three) or tetraploid (four); in cannabis these are almost always bred deliberately. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/polyploid.html
Progeny test (aka progeny testing, offspring test, progeny trial, breeding value test): A progeny test judges a parent by growing out and measuring its offspring, the most reliable way to know what a plant, especially a male, actually passes on. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/progeny-test.html
Punnett square (aka Punnett squares, Punnett grid, Punnet square, cross diagram): A Punnett square is a grid that lists each parent's possible gametes along two sides to predict the expected genotype ratios among offspring of a cross. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/punnett-square.html
QTL (aka quantitative trait locus, quantitative trait loci, QTLs, QTL mapping): A QTL (quantitative trait locus) is a region of the genome statistically linked to variation in a quantitative trait such as yield or flowering time. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/qtl.html
Quantitative trait (aka quantitative traits, polygenic trait, complex trait, continuous trait, polygenic): A quantitative trait varies continuously (yield, height, flowering time, cannabinoid content) because it is controlled by many genes of small effect plus the environment. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/quantitative-trait.html
Recessive (aka recessive allele, recessive trait, recessives): A recessive allele only shows its effect when a plant carries two copies of it; in a single copy it is masked by a dominant allele and carried silently. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/recessive.html
Reciprocal cross (aka reciprocal crosses, reverse cross, reversed cross): A reciprocal cross repeats a cross with the parents' roles swapped (A × B, then B × A) to test whether the seed parent affects the offspring. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/reciprocal-cross.html
Regular seed (aka regular seeds, non-feminised seed, non-feminized seed): Regular seed comes from a normal cross of a female and a male, so it produces roughly half female and half male plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/regular-seed.html
S1 (aka S1 seed, S1s, S2, S2 seed, selfed seed, first selfed generation, S1 generation): S1 is seed from a plant pollinated with its own pollen; every S1 seed is female and a new genotype, not a copy of the parent. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/s1.html
Sativa (aka sativa-dominant, sativas, narrow-leaf, sativa type): Sativa is a popular label for tall, narrow-leaflet, slower-flowering cannabis plants; it describes plant shape at most, and all cannabis belongs to one species, Cannabis sativa. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sativa.html
Seed run (aka seed runs, seed production run, making seeds, seed batch, seed lot): A seed run is a dedicated grow in which selected parents are crossed to produce a batch of seed, as opposed to growing for flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seed-run.html
Segregation (aka Mendelian segregation, law of segregation, segregating, segregates): Segregation is the separation of a plant's two alleles at each locus into different gametes, so offspring of a heterozygous parent vary in which allele they get. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/segregation.html
Selection (aka artificial selection, breeder selection, selecting, mass selection, phenotypic selection): Selection in breeding is choosing which plants become parents, so that alleles behind the chosen traits become more common in the next generation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/selection.html
Selection pressure (aka selective pressure, selection intensity, selection differential, breeding pressure): Selection pressure is how strongly a breeder, or the environment, favours some plants over others, set by how few are kept and how demanding the criteria are. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/selection-pressure.html
Selfing (aka self-pollination, self pollination, selfed, self-fertilisation, self-fertilization, autogamy): Selfing is pollinating a plant with its own pollen, in cannabis usually by reversing part of a female to make pollen; it is the most intense form of inbreeding. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/selfing.html
Sex reversal (aka reversal, reversed female, reversed plant, colloidal silver, masculinising, masculinizing): Sex reversal is chemically inducing a genetically female cannabis plant to grow fertile male flowers, so its pollen can make feminised seed; silver thiosulfate is the standard agent. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sex-reversal.html
Sib cross (aka sibling cross, sibbing, full-sib cross, half-sib cross, sib mating): A sib cross is a cross between siblings from the same seed batch, used to advance a line (F1 × F1 gives F2) while keeping it within the family. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sib-cross.html
SNP (aka single nucleotide polymorphism, SNPs, SNP marker, snip): A SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is a position in the DNA where plants differ by one base letter; thousands of them form the markers used in cannabis genotyping. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/snp.html
Somaclonal variation (aka somaclonal variants, somaclonal variant, tissue culture variation, in vitro variation): Somaclonal variation is genetic or epigenetic change that appears in plants regenerated from tissue culture, especially from callus, making them differ from the donor plant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/somaclonal-variation.html
Stabilisation (aka stabilization, stabilising, stabilizing, stabilised, stabilized, line stabilisation): Stabilisation is breeding a seed line over several generations, with selection each time, until it reliably reproduces the chosen traits from seed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stabilisation.html
Strain (aka strains, strain name, strain names, weed strain, cannabis strain): Strain is the popular word for a named cannabis variety; it is used loosely, and studies show strain names are an unreliable guide to genetics or chemistry. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/strain.html
STS (aka silver thiosulfate, silver thiosulphate, silver thiosulfate solution, Ag-STS): STS (silver thiosulfate) is a silver compound sprayed on female cannabis to block ethylene action and induce fertile male flowers, the standard method for making feminised seed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sts.html
Test cross (aka testcross, test-crossing, test crosses, progeny test cross): A test cross mates a plant of unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for a trait, so the offspring ratios reveal what the first plant carries. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/test-cross.html
Test grow (aka tester grow, tester, testers, test run, grow-out, grow out, beta test grow): A test grow (tester grow) is growing out a sample of a new seed line, often by several independent growers, to measure uniformity, vigour, chemistry and herm rate before release. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/test-grow.html
Tissue culture (aka plant tissue culture, micropropagation, in vitro propagation, tissue culturing): Tissue culture is growing small pieces of a plant on sterile nutrient gel in a sealed vessel, used to multiply, clean up and store cannabis genotypes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tissue-culture.html
Topophysis (aka position effect, cutting position effect, topophytic effect, branch position effect): Topophysis is the tendency of cuttings to keep traits linked to the position on the mother plant they were taken from, so cuts from different parts can behave differently. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/topophysis.html
True breeding (aka breeds true, breeding true, true-to-type, true to type, pure-breeding): A true-breeding line produces offspring that consistently look like the parents for a given trait, because the plants are homozygous for the alleles behind it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/true-breeding.html
Uniformity (aka uniform, consistency, line uniformity, batch uniformity): Uniformity is how alike the plants of one seed batch are for traits such as height, timing and chemistry; F1s of inbred parents and IBLs are most uniform. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/uniformity.html
XY sex determination (aka XY system, sex chromosomes, X and Y chromosomes, XX female, XY male): Cannabis uses an XY sex determination system: females carry two X chromosomes (XX) and males an X and a Y (XY), so regular seed is roughly half male. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/xy-sex-determination.html

## Cultivation and training

Air pot (aka air pots, air-pruning pot, air pruning pot, root pruning pot): An air pot is a rigid container with cone-shaped holes in its walls that air-prune roots, preventing circling and drying the medium faster than a solid pot. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/air-pot.html
Bud site (aka bud sites, flowering site, budsite, flower site, bud node): A bud site is a node where flowers form, where leaf meets stem, or a branch tip; training aims to put more of them in strong light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bud-site.html
Canopy (aka plant canopy, the canopy, canopy level, canopy area): The canopy is the top layer of foliage and buds across a grow, the surface that intercepts most of the light and where yield is mostly made. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/canopy.html
Cloning (aka clone, clones, taking clones, taking cuttings, vegetative propagation, asexual propagation): Cloning is propagating a plant by rooting cuttings from it, producing new plants that are genetically identical to the donor. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cloning.html
Cloning dome (aka humidity dome, propagator, propagation dome, clone dome, propagator lid): A cloning dome is a clear lid over a tray that keeps humidity high around unrooted cuttings or seedlings, reducing water loss until roots form. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cloning-dome.html
Companion planting (aka companion plants, companion plant, interplanting, polyculture, intercropping): Companion planting grows other plant species alongside cannabis to attract beneficial insects, repel or trap pests, cover soil or support soil life. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/companion-planting.html
Cutting (aka cuttings, clipping, slip, unrooted cutting, shoot cutting): A cutting is a piece of shoot, usually a tip with two or three nodes, removed from a plant so it can be rooted into a new, genetically identical plant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cutting.html
Defoliation (aka defoliating, defol, defoliate, leaf stripping, stripping fan leaves): Defoliation is removing fan leaves from a plant to open the canopy to light and air; GenetixBay's house view is to tuck leaves rather than strip them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/defoliation.html
Differential diagnosis (aka diagnostic differential, rule-out list): The method of listing every cause that could produce a symptom, then ruling causes out with cheap checks and tests until one or two remain. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/differential-diagnosis.html
Even canopy (aka flat canopy, level canopy, uniform canopy, canopy uniformity): An even canopy is one where all main tops sit at roughly the same height, so each receives similar light intensity and buds develop more uniformly. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/even-canopy.html
Fabric pot (aka fabric pots, grow bag, grow bags, smart pot, cloth pot, felt pot): A fabric pot is a breathable, sewn felt or non-woven container that lets air and water through its walls, drying the medium faster and air-pruning roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fabric-pot.html
FIM (aka FIMing, FIM'ing, fimming, F.I.M., f*** I missed): FIM is a training cut that pinches off most, but not all, of a plant's newest growing tip, often producing three or four new main shoots instead of one. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fim.html
Flip (aka flipping, flip to flower, flipping to 12/12, switch to flower, flowering switch): The flip is switching a photoperiod plant from long vegetative days to a flowering light schedule, usually around 12 hours of light, to start flowering. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/flip.html
Germination (aka germinate, germinating, germ, popping seeds, sprouting): Germination is the stage where a viable seed absorbs water, splits its shell and pushes out a root (radicle), usually within 1-7 days at 20-30 °C. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/germination.html
Grams per watt (aka g/w, gpw, grams/watt, gram per watt, yield per watt): Grams per watt (g/W) is dry flower yield divided by the electrical wattage of the grow lights, a rough measure of how efficiently a grow turns power into product. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/grams-per-watt.html
Greenhouse growing (aka greenhouse, greenhouse grow, hoop house, polytunnel, mixed-light): Greenhouse growing uses sunlight under a covered structure, adding varying degrees of control over temperature, humidity, light deprivation and supplemental lighting. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/greenhouse-growing.html
Guerrilla grow (aka guerilla grow, guerrilla growing, guerilla growing, guerrilla grower): A guerrilla grow is cannabis planted on land the grower does not own or control, typically wild or remote ground, a practice that is illegal in most places. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/guerrilla-grow.html
Hardening off (aka harden off, hardening, acclimatising, acclimatizing, acclimation): Hardening off is gradually exposing plants raised indoors or under a dome to harsher conditions, such as sun, wind and lower humidity, so they adapt without shock. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hardening-off.html
HST (aka high-stress training, high stress training, high stress techniques): HST (high-stress training) covers training methods that deliberately cut, crush or break plant tissue, such as topping, FIM and supercropping, to reshape growth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hst.html
Indoor growing (aka indoor, indoor grow, grow room, indoors): Indoor growing is cultivating cannabis entirely under artificial light in a tent or room, giving full control over light, climate and photoperiod. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/indoor-growing.html
Light deprivation (aka light dep, light-dep, dep, blackout, forced flowering): Light deprivation (light dep) covers greenhouse or outdoor plants with blackout material to give long nights, forcing photoperiod plants to flower earlier than the natural season. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-deprivation.html
Lollipopping (aka lollipop, lollipopped, lolli-popping, under-canopy pruning, bottom stripping): Lollipopping removes the lower branches and small shoots on a plant, usually around the flip, so energy goes to the top buds and airflow improves underneath. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lollipopping.html
LST (aka low-stress training, low stress training, tie-down, tying down, bending branches): LST (low-stress training) bends and ties stems so the plant grows wide and flat, exposing more bud sites to light without cutting or breaking tissue. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lst.html
Mainlining (aka main-lining, main lining, mainline): Mainlining is a training method that tops a plant low, removes lower growth and splits it symmetrically into a set number of evenly sized main colas. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mainlining.html
Manifolding (aka manifold, manifold training, building a manifold, hub training): Manifolding builds a plant's structure as a central hub with symmetrical horizontal arms, so every top receives equal sap flow and grows to similar size. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/manifolding.html
Monster cropping (aka monster crop, monstercropping, cloning from flower, flowering clones): Monster cropping is taking cuttings from a plant in flower and re-vegging them, which tends to produce bushy plants with many tops after an initial slow phase. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/monster-cropping.html
Mother plant (aka mother, mothers, stock plant, donor plant, mother stock): A mother plant is a female kept permanently in vegetative growth to supply cuttings, so a selected genotype can be propagated as clones indefinitely. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mother-plant.html
Node stacking (aka tight node spacing, short internodes, stacked nodes, tight nodes): Node stacking describes short internodes, so nodes and bud sites sit close together along a stem, giving dense colas and a compact plant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/node-stacking.html
Outdoor growing (aka outdoor, outdoor grow, growing outdoors, full sun, full-term outdoor): Outdoor growing is cultivating cannabis in the ground or containers under natural sunlight, where the season's day length controls when photoperiod plants flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/outdoor-growing.html
Overwatering (aka over-watering, overwatered, drowning, too much water, waterlogged): Overwatering is watering so often that the medium stays saturated, starving roots of oxygen, which causes drooping, slow growth and root disease. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/overwatering.html
Paper towel method (aka paper towel germination, paper towel method germination, towel method, wet paper towel): The paper towel method germinates seeds between damp paper towels in a covered container until the root shows, then moves them to a medium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/paper-towel-method.html
Perpetual harvest (aka perpetual grow, perpetual, staggered harvest, continuous harvest, rolling harvest): A perpetual harvest staggers plants at different stages, usually with separate veg and flower spaces, so that harvests come every few weeks instead of once per cycle. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/perpetual-harvest.html
Plant density (aka planting density, plants per square metre, plants per square meter, plants per m², stocking density, plant spacing): Plant density is the number of plants per unit of canopy area; more plants raise yield per area up to a point but shorten veg and reduce uniformity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-density.html
Plant ties (aka training wire, plant tie, soft ties, garden wire, twist ties, tie-downs): Plant ties are soft wire, rubber-coated twist ties or clips used to bend stems and anchor them during low-stress training or support. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-ties.html
Pot size (aka container size, pot volume, root volume, rooting volume, what size pot): Pot size is the volume of medium a plant roots into; bigger pots give bigger plants within reason, but feeding frequency can let small pots punch well above their size. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pot-size.html
Re-veg (aka reveg, re-vegging, revegging, re-vegetation, regeneration): Re-veg is returning a flowering or harvested plant to vegetative growth by putting it back under long days, often to save a genotype after harvest. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/re-veg.html
Root-bound (aka rootbound, pot-bound, potbound, root bound, circling roots): A root-bound plant has filled its container so densely that roots circle the walls, water runs straight through, and growth slows or the plant wilts fast. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-bound.html
Rooting hormone (aka rooting gel, rooting powder, cloning gel, auxin dip, rooting compound): Rooting hormone is an auxin preparation, usually indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), applied to a cutting's base to speed and increase root formation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rooting-hormone.html
Schwazzing (aka schwazz, schwaz, the schwazz, heavy defoliation): Schwazzing is an aggressive defoliation method that strips almost all fan leaves on day 1 and again around day 21 of flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/schwazzing.html
SCROG (aka screen of green, scrog net, scrogging, screen-of-green): SCROG (screen of green) trains a few plants under a horizontal net, tucking shoots so the canopy forms a flat, evenly lit layer of many tops. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/scrog.html
Seedling (aka seedlings, seedling stage, sprout, baby plant): A seedling is a young cannabis plant from emergence of the cotyledons until it has several sets of true leaves, typically the first 2-3 weeks. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seedling.html
SOG (aka sea of green, sea-of-green): SOG (sea of green) grows many small plants at high density with little or no veg time, each making one main cola, to shorten the cycle. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sog.html
Stretch (aka flower stretch, flowering stretch, the stretch, bloom stretch, transition stretch): The stretch is the rapid increase in height in the first two to three weeks after switching to flower, when many cultivars grow 1.5 to 3 times taller. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stretch.html
Supercropping (aka super cropping, super-cropping, stem snapping, snapping stems, pinch and bend): Supercropping is gently crushing a stem's inner tissue between the fingers and bending it over, so the branch lowers, toughens at a knuckle and stays productive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/supercropping.html
Topping (aka top, topped, topping a plant, pinching out): Topping is cutting off a plant's main growing tip just above a node, so the two shoots below grow into two main colas instead of one. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/topping.html
Transplanting (aka transplant, transplanted, transplant shock, moving to a bigger pot): Transplanting moves a plant and its root ball into a new container or the ground; done gently it causes little shock, but GenetixBay advises against it for autoflowers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/transplanting.html
Trellis (aka trellis net, trellis netting, plant netting, support net, scrog screen, yo-yos): A trellis is a net, mesh or frame that supports plants and spreads their branches, either as a SCROG screen or as support for heavy colas in flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/trellis.html
Tucking (aka tuck, leaf tucking, tucking leaves, tuck don't pluck): Tucking is moving fan leaves and shoots behind or under others, or beneath a screen, so bud sites get light without removing any leaf area. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tucking.html
Underwatering (aka under-watering, underwatered, too little water, dry wilt): Underwatering is letting the medium dry too far between waterings, so the plant loses turgor and wilts, with limp, papery leaves and crisping edges if repeated. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/underwatering.html
Up-potting (aka uppotting, potting up, pot up, step-up potting): Up-potting moves a plant into progressively larger containers as its roots fill each one, instead of starting in the final pot. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/up-potting.html
Veg time (aka vegetative period, veg period, vegging, veg phase, length of veg, vegetative stage): Veg time is how long a photoperiod plant is kept in vegetative growth under long days before being flipped to flower, which largely sets its final size. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/veg-time.html
Watering to runoff (aka water to runoff, watering till runoff, drain-through, 10-20% runoff, leachate): Watering to runoff means applying enough water or solution that some drains from the bottom of the container, typically 10-20% of the volume applied. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/watering-to-runoff.html
Wet-dry cycle (aka wet/dry cycle, wet dry cycle, wet-dry cycling, letting it dry out, watering cycle): The wet-dry cycle is the alternation between watering a container and letting it dry back, which refreshes oxygen in the root zone between irrigations. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wet-dry-cycle.html
Yield (aka harvest weight, dry yield, yields, g/m², grams per square metre, grams per square meter): Yield is the dry weight of usable flower harvested, usually expressed per plant, per square metre of canopy (g/m²) or per watt of light (g/W). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/yield.html

## Environment and light

12/12 (aka 12-12, 12/12 light cycle, twelve twelve, 12 on 12 off, flip to 12/12, the flip): 12/12 is the classic flowering schedule for photoperiod cannabis: 12 hours of light and 12 hours of uninterrupted darkness, which triggers and sustains flowering. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/12-12.html
13/11 (aka 13-11, 13/11 light cycle, 13 hours light, 13 on 11 off, extended flower photoperiod): 13/11 is a flowering schedule of 13 hours light and 11 hours dark; GenetixBay endorses it, as most cultivars still flower while gaining extra daily light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/13-11.html
18/6 (aka 18-6, 18/6 light cycle, 18 on 6 off, eighteen six, 18 hours light): 18/6 is the standard vegetative light schedule: 18 hours of light and 6 hours of darkness each day, keeping photoperiod cannabis from flowering. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/18-6.html
24/0 (aka 24-0, 24/0 light cycle, 24 hours light, lights on 24/7, continuous light): 24/0 means lights on 24 hours a day with no dark period; GenetixBay endorses it for veg, as cannabis does not need a sleep period before flowering. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/24-0.html
Absolute humidity (aka AH, water vapour density, water vapor density, g/m³ humidity, humidity ratio): Absolute humidity is the actual mass of water vapour in a volume of air, in grams per cubic metre, independent of temperature. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/absolute-humidity.html
Airflow (aka air flow, air movement, air circulation, canopy airflow, air exchange): Airflow is the movement of air through and around the canopy; it thins the still boundary layer on leaves, evens out temperature and humidity, and lowers mould risk. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/airflow.html
Blue light (aka blue photons, blue spectrum, 400-500 nm, blue fraction, blue LEDs): Blue light is the 400–500 nm band; it keeps plants compact with shorter internodes and thicker leaves, but a high blue fraction slightly lowers cannabis yield. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/blue-light.html
Carbon filter (aka charcoal filter, activated carbon filter, odour filter, odor filter, scrubber, can filter): A carbon filter scrubs odour from exhaust air by passing it through activated carbon, which adsorbs aroma compounds such as terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/carbon-filter.html
CFM (aka cubic feet per minute, ft³/min, cfm rating, m³/h, airflow rating): CFM (cubic feet per minute) is the volume of air a fan moves per minute; growers use it to size exhaust fans to their grow space volume. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cfm.html
CMH (aka ceramic metal halide, LEC, light emitting ceramic, CDM, ceramic MH, 315 W CMH): CMH (ceramic metal halide) is a discharge lamp with a ceramic arc tube giving a broad, sun-like spectrum and better efficacy than standard metal halide. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cmh.html
CO2 enrichment (aka CO2, carbon dioxide enrichment, CO2 supplementation, CO2 ppm, enriched CO2, carbon dioxide): CO2 enrichment raises carbon dioxide in a sealed grow space from about 420 ppm to roughly 800–1,500 ppm, letting plants use higher light intensities productively. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/co2-enrichment.html
Cold nights (aka cold night temperatures, night temperature drop, cold snap, cooling for colour, temperature drop for purple): Cold nights are deliberately low night temperatures in late flower; they can bring out purple colour in cultivars that carry it, but don't raise terpenes or resin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cold-nights.html
Dehumidifier (aka dehumidifiers, dehu, dehumidification, desiccant dehumidifier, refrigerant dehumidifier): A dehumidifier removes water vapour from grow-room air, usually by condensing it on a cold coil; it is the main tool for controlling humidity in flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dehumidifier.html
Dew point (aka dewpoint, dew-point temperature, Td, condensation point): Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and water starts condensing; when leaves or buds cool to it, free water forms and mould risk jumps. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dew-point.html
DIF (aka day-night temperature difference, temperature differential, positive DIF, negative DIF, temperature DIF, day/night differential): DIF is day temperature minus night temperature; a larger positive DIF lengthens stems, while zero or negative DIF tends to keep plants shorter. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dif.html
DLI (aka daily light integral, daily light sum, mol/m²/day, mol/m2/d): Daily light integral: the total number of PAR photons a square metre of canopy receives in one day, in mol/m²/day; PPFD multiplied by hours of light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dli.html
Emerson effect (aka Emerson enhancement effect, Emerson enhancement, red drop, Emerson red drop): The Emerson effect is the jump in photosynthesis when far-red light (above 680 nm) is combined with shorter red light, exceeding the sum of each alone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/emerson-effect.html
Exhaust fan (aka inline fan, extraction fan, extractor fan, duct fan, exhaust, inline duct fan): An exhaust fan pulls air out of the grow space through ducting, removing heat, humidity and odour and drawing in fresh air. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/exhaust-fan.html
Far-red (aka far red, FR, far-red light, 730 nm, 730nm): Far-red is light from about 700 to 750 nm, just beyond visible red; it adds to canopy photosynthesis when mixed with other light and triggers shade responses like stretch. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/far-red.html
Foot-candle (aka fc, foot candle, footcandle, ft-c, foot-candles): A foot-candle is an imperial unit of illuminance (one lumen per square foot, about 10.76 lux); like lux, it measures eye brightness, not plant-usable light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/foot-candle.html
Foxtailing (aka foxtails, foxtail, foxtailed buds, spiky buds, calyx stacking): Foxtailing is the growth of new, elongated calyx spires on top of existing buds; it can be genetic, or a stress response to excess heat or light. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/foxtailing.html
Full spectrum (aka full-spectrum LED, full spectrum light, broad spectrum, white LED spectrum, sunlike spectrum): Full spectrum is a marketing term for a grow light with broad output across the visible range, usually a white LED, sometimes with added red, far-red or UV. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/full-spectrum.html
Heat stress (aka heat stressed, heat damage, high temperature stress, heat burn, too hot): Heat stress is damage or slowed growth when leaf or canopy temperature rises above what the plant can handle, typically above about 30–32 °C (86–90 °F) in cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heat-stress.html
HPS (aka high-pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, sodium lamp, DE HPS, double-ended HPS, SE HPS): HPS (high-pressure sodium) is a gas-discharge lamp with orange-yellow light peaking near 589 nm; it was the standard flowering light before LEDs. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hps.html
Humidifier (aka humidifiers, ultrasonic humidifier, evaporative humidifier, mister, fogger): A humidifier adds water vapour to the air to raise relative humidity, used mostly for clones, seedlings and veg, or dry climates. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/humidifier.html
Inverse square law (aka inverse-square law, inverse square rule, 1/r² law, light distance rule): The inverse square law says light from a point source falls with the square of distance; grow fixtures are not point sources, so it only roughly predicts PPFD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/inverse-square-law.html
IR thermometer (aka infrared thermometer, IR gun, temp gun, laser thermometer, thermal camera): An IR (infrared) thermometer reads surface temperature from emitted infrared radiation; growers use it to measure leaf temperature for leaf VPD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ir-thermometer.html
Leaf temperature (aka leaf temp, leaf surface temperature, canopy temperature, leaf temperature offset): Leaf temperature is the actual surface temperature of a leaf, which often differs from air temperature by 1–3 °C depending on light source and transpiration. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leaf-temperature.html
Leaf VPD (aka LVPD, leaf vapor pressure deficit, leaf vapour pressure deficit, leaf-to-air VPD, leaf-air VPD): Leaf VPD is the vapour pressure deficit between the inside of a leaf, at leaf temperature, and the surrounding air; it is what actually drives transpiration. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leaf-vpd.html
LED (aka LEDs, light-emitting diode, LED grow light, LED fixture, quantum board, LED bars): An LED (light-emitting diode) grow light uses solid-state diodes to produce light; modern fixtures are the most efficient grow lights, at roughly 2.5–3 µmol/J. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/led.html
LED vs HPS (aka LED versus HPS, HPS vs LED, LED or HPS, LED vs HID): LED vs HPS is the debate over whether LED or high-pressure sodium lights grow better cannabis; LEDs are clearly more efficient, while final-quality differences remain an open question. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/led-vs-hps.html
Light compensation point (aka compensation point, LCP, light compensation): The light compensation point is the PPFD at which a leaf's photosynthesis exactly balances its respiration, so net carbon gain is zero. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-compensation-point.html
Light intensity (aka intensity, light level, light strength, how much light): Light intensity is how much photosynthetic light reaches the plants per unit area and time, measured as PPFD in µmol/m²/s; it is the biggest light lever on yield. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-intensity.html
Light leak (aka light leaks, light pollution, dark period interruption, night interruption, light leaking): A light leak is unwanted light entering the grow space during the dark period; in flower it can delay or disrupt flowering in photoperiod cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-leak.html
Light saturation point (aka saturation point, LSP, light saturation, photosynthetic saturation): The light saturation point is the PPFD above which photosynthesis stops rising; for cannabis it is unusually high and moves upwards with CO2 and temperature. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-saturation-point.html
Light stress (aka light burn, light bleaching, bleaching, photobleaching, white tops, light damage): Light stress is damage when leaves or buds absorb more light than they can use or dissipate, showing as bleached white or yellow tops nearest the fixture. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/light-stress.html
Lux (aka lx, lux meter, lux reading, illuminance): Lux is illuminance weighted to human eye sensitivity (lumens per square metre); it misreads grow lights because plants use red and blue light the eye underweights. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lux.html
Metal halide (aka MH, MH lamp, metal-halide lamp, halide, MH bulb): A metal halide (MH) lamp is a gas-discharge grow light with a bluish-white spectrum, traditionally used in the vegetative stage before switching to HPS. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/metal-halide.html
Microclimate (aka micro-climate, micro climate, canopy microclimate, hot spots, dead air pockets): A microclimate is a small zone within the grow space whose temperature, humidity or airflow differs from the room average, such as inside a dense cola or a corner. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/microclimate.html
Negative pressure (aka negative air pressure, neg pressure, sucked-in tent, slight vacuum, negative pressure grow room): Negative pressure means the grow space is held slightly below surrounding air pressure by exhausting more air than comes in, so air and odour leak inwards, not out. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/negative-pressure.html
Oscillating fan (aka clip fan, circulation fan, wall fan, oscillating clip fan, canopy fan): An oscillating fan sweeps back and forth to circulate air over and through the canopy, mixing the room and preventing still, humid pockets. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/oscillating-fan.html
PAR (aka photosynthetically active radiation, PAR range, ePAR, extended PAR): Photosynthetically active radiation: light in the 400–700 nm waveband that plants use for photosynthesis, counted in photons rather than brightness. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/par.html
Photon efficacy (aka PPE, photosynthetic photon efficacy, µmol/J, umol/J, fixture efficiency, efficacy): Photon efficacy is how many micromoles of PAR photons a fixture produces per joule of electricity (µmol/J); higher means more light for the same power bill and heat. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/photon-efficacy.html
PPF (aka photosynthetic photon flux, fixture PPF, total PPF, µmol/s output): Photosynthetic photon flux: the total number of PAR photons a light fixture emits each second, in µmol/s, regardless of where they land. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ppf.html
PPFD (aka photosynthetic photon flux density, PAR reading, µmol/m²/s, umol/m2/s, light density): Photosynthetic photon flux density: the number of PAR photons landing on one square metre each second, in µmol/m²/s; the standard measure of light intensity at the canopy. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ppfd.html
Red:far-red ratio (aka R:FR, R/FR, red to far-red ratio, R:FR ratio, red/far-red): The red:far-red ratio compares photons near 660 nm with those near 730 nm; plants read a low ratio as shade and respond by stretching. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/red-far-red-ratio.html
Relative humidity (aka RH, humidity, relative humidity %, %RH, humidity level): Relative humidity is the water vapour in air as a percentage of what it could hold at that temperature, so the same RH dries plants differently at different temperatures. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/relative-humidity.html
Spectrum (aka light spectrum, spectral distribution, SPD, spectral power distribution, light colour, light color): Spectrum is the mix of wavelengths a light source emits, from UV through blue, green, red and far-red; it shapes plant form, while intensity drives most yield. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/spectrum.html
Sunrise/sunset ramp (aka sunrise sunset, light ramping, dimmer ramp, dawn dusk simulation, ramp up ramp down, sunrise mode): A sunrise/sunset ramp is a programmed gradual rise and fall of fixture intensity at the start and end of the light period, adding hours of light but little DLI. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sunrise-sunset-ramp.html
T5 fluorescent (aka T5, T5HO, T5 HO, fluorescent, fluorescent tubes, CFL, compact fluorescent): T5 fluorescent lights are slim 16 mm tubes giving low-intensity, low-heat light; once the standard for clones and seedlings, now largely replaced by LED. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/t5-fluorescent.html
Temperature (aka air temperature, room temperature, day temperature, night temperature, grow room temperature, temps): In growing, temperature usually means grow-room air temperature; cannabis grows best around 24–28 °C (75–82 °F) by day and a few degrees cooler at night. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/temperature.html
UV-A (aka UVA, UV-A light, ultraviolet A, near-UV, 385 nm, 395 nm): UV-A is ultraviolet light from 315 to 400 nm; plants sense it much like deep blue, and adding it gives no proven gain in yield or potency. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/uv-a.html
UV-B (aka UVB, UV-B light, ultraviolet B, UVB supplementation, UV-B lamps): UV-B is ultraviolet light from 280 to 315 nm; added to grow rooms in hopes of more resin, it gives little or no visible difference in controlled trials. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/uv-b.html
VPD (aka vapor pressure deficit, vapour pressure deficit, vapor-pressure deficit, VPD chart, air VPD): Vapour pressure deficit: how much more water vapour the air could hold at its temperature, in kPa; it is the main environmental driver of transpiration. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/vpd.html
Wind burn (aka windburn, fan burn, wind damage): Leaf damage from a fan blowing directly and constantly on the same leaves: curled, clawed or crispy leaves on the side facing the fan, sometimes with brown, dried patches. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wind-burn.html
YPFD (aka yield photon flux density, YPF, yield photon flux): Yield photon flux density: PPFD weighted by how efficiently each wavelength drives photosynthesis (the McCree curve), so red photons count more than blue. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ypfd.html

## Nutrients

A/B nutrient (aka two-part nutrient, 2-part nutrient, A and B, part A part B, A+B, two-part feed): An A/B nutrient is a mineral feed split into two concentrates so that calcium (part A) is kept apart from sulfate and phosphate (part B), which would precipitate together. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/a-b-nutrient.html
Amino acid chelate (aka amino acid chelates, amino chelate, glycinate, chelated amino acids): An amino acid chelate is a metal bound to amino acids such as glycine; it is a gentler, biodegradable alternative to synthetic chelates, often sold for foliar sprays. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/amino-acid-chelate.html
Ammonium (aka NH4+, NH4, ammoniacal nitrogen, NH4-N, ammonium nitrogen): Ammonium (NH4+) is the positively charged form of nitrogen; a small share stabilises root-zone pH, but too much reduces cannabis yield and quality. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ammonium.html
Ammonium nitrate (aka NH4NO3, 34-0-0): Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a 34-35% nitrogen salt, half ammonium and half nitrate, used in small amounts to steer root-zone pH in hydro. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ammonium-nitrate.html
Beneficial element (aka beneficial elements, beneficial nutrient, quasi-essential element): A beneficial element is one that improves growth or stress tolerance in some plants without being strictly essential, such as silicon, sodium, cobalt and selenium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beneficial-element.html
Biostimulant (aka biostimulants, bio-stimulant, plant biostimulant, growth enhancer): A biostimulant is a product claimed to improve plant growth, uptake or stress tolerance by means other than supplying nutrients, such as seaweed extract, humics, amino acids or microbes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/biostimulant.html
Bloom booster (aka bloom boosters, PK booster, PK boost, flower booster, bud booster, high-P booster): A bloom booster is a high-phosphorus, high-potassium additive sold for flowering; cannabis trials show a P plateau, so past moderate levels it adds cost and runoff, not yield. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bloom-booster.html
Boric acid (aka H3BO3, boracic acid, orthoboric acid): Boric acid (H3BO3) is the usual boron source in micronutrient mixes, about 17.5% boron; plants absorb boron in this same uncharged form. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/boric-acid.html
Boron (aka B, borate, boron deficiency, boron toxicity): Boron (B) is a micronutrient needed for cell-wall structure and growing tips; the gap between deficient and toxic levels is narrow. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/boron.html
Cal-Mag (aka CalMag, Cal Mag, calcium magnesium supplement, Ca-Mg supplement): Cal-Mag is a supplement supplying calcium and magnesium, usually as nitrates; need depends on cultivar, water source (RO vs tap) and medium (coco), not on LED lighting. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cal-mag.html
Calcium (aka Ca, Ca2+, calcium deficiency, Ca deficiency): Calcium (Ca) is an immobile secondary nutrient that builds cell walls and membranes; it travels only in the transpiration stream, so deficiency appears in new growth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/calcium.html
Calcium chloride (aka CaCl2, CaCl2·2H2O, calcium chloride dihydrate): Calcium chloride (CaCl2) adds calcium without nitrogen, useful for late-flower nitrogen tapering, but it adds chloride, so doses must stay modest. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/calcium-chloride.html
Calcium nitrate (aka CaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, cal nit, 15.5-0-0): Calcium nitrate is the standard hydroponic calcium source, supplying about 19% calcium and 15.5% nitrogen, mostly as nitrate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/calcium-nitrate.html
Chelate (aka chelated, chelation, chelating agent, chelated micronutrients, chelates): A chelate is a metal ion held by an organic molecule at several points, keeping micronutrients such as iron, zinc and manganese dissolved and available across a wider pH range. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chelate.html
Chlorine (nutrient) (aka Cl, Cl-, chloride, chloride nutrient, chloride toxicity): As a plant nutrient, chlorine is used as the chloride ion (Cl-) in tiny amounts for photosynthesis and osmotic balance; excess from water or salts is the usual problem. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chloride-nutrient.html
Cobalt (aka Co, Co2+, cobalt nutrient): Cobalt (Co) is not essential for cannabis; it is needed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume nodules, so it appears only as a trace in some feeds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cobalt.html
Copper (aka Cu, Cu2+, copper deficiency, copper toxicity): Copper (Cu) is a micronutrient used in photosynthetic electron transport and lignin formation; plants need only traces, and excess is toxic to roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/copper.html
Copper sulfate (aka CuSO4, copper sulphate, blue vitriol, bluestone, CuSO4·5H2O): Copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), about 25.5% copper, supplies trace copper in micronutrient mixes and is toxic to roots in excess. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/copper-sulfate.html
DTPA (aka diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, DTPA chelate, pentetic acid): DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) is a synthetic chelating agent that keeps iron available up to about pH 7.0-7.5, a common choice for coco and hydro. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dtpa.html
EDDHA (aka EDDHA chelate, ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid, EDDHA iron, red iron chelate): EDDHA is a strong iron chelate that stays effective up to pH 9 or more, used for alkaline soils and hard water; it colours solutions dark red. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/eddha.html
EDTA (aka ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA chelate, Na2EDTA, edetate): EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is the most common synthetic chelating agent in fertilisers, effective for iron up to about pH 6.0-6.5. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/edta.html
Feed chart (aka feeding chart, feeding schedule, nutrient schedule, feed schedule, nute schedule): A feed chart is a manufacturer's or grower's schedule of nutrient doses by week or stage; treat it as a ceiling to test against, not a rule. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/feed-chart.html
Foliar feeding (aka foliar feed, foliar spray, foliar application, foliar, spraying leaves): Foliar feeding is spraying a dilute nutrient solution onto leaves for quick uptake through the leaf surface; it suits micronutrient fixes but cannot replace root feeding. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/foliar-feeding.html
Fulvic acid (aka fulvic acids, fulvates, fulvic): Fulvic acid is the small, soluble fraction of humic substances that stays dissolved at any pH and binds metal ions; its benefit in cannabis is largely unproven. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fulvic-acid.html
Guaranteed analysis (aka guaranteed minimum analysis, label analysis, fertiliser label, oxide analysis): The guaranteed analysis is the legally required label statement of minimum nutrient content, giving P as P2O5 and K as K2O; multiply by 0.436 and 0.830 for elements. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/guaranteed-analysis.html
Hoagland solution (aka Hoagland's solution, Hoagland nutrient solution, Hoagland and Arnon solution, half-strength Hoagland): Hoagland solution is a classic 1950 hydroponic recipe by Hoagland and Arnon, still used as a research baseline: about 210 ppm N, 31 P, 235 K and 200 Ca. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hoagland-solution.html
Humic acid (aka humic acids, humates, humic substances, potassium humate, leonardite extract): Humic acid is a large, dark organic fraction of decomposed matter that binds nutrients and may modestly aid root growth; effects in cannabis are small and inconsistent. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/humic-acid.html
Immobile nutrient (aka immobile nutrients, immobile elements, non-mobile nutrient, phloem-immobile nutrient): An immobile nutrient stays where it is first deposited, so its deficiency shows on young leaves and growing tips first: Ca, S, Fe, Mn, B, Cu. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/immobile-nutrient.html
Iron (aka Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+, iron deficiency, Fe deficiency): Iron (Fe) is an immobile micronutrient needed to make chlorophyll and run electron transport; deficiency yellows new leaves between green veins. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/iron.html
Iron chelate (aka chelated iron, Fe chelate, Fe-EDTA, Fe-DTPA, Fe-EDDHA, iron EDTA): An iron chelate is iron bound to an organic molecule (EDTA, DTPA or EDDHA) that keeps it dissolved and available; each type holds up to a different pH. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/iron-chelate.html
Macronutrient (aka macronutrients, macro nutrients, macros, primary nutrients, major nutrients): A macronutrient is an essential element plants need in large amounts, measured in tens to hundreds of mg/L: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, plus calcium, magnesium and sulfur. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/macronutrient.html
Magnesium (aka Mg, Mg2+, magnesium deficiency, Mg deficiency): Magnesium (Mg) is a mobile secondary nutrient at the centre of every chlorophyll molecule; deficiency causes interveinal yellowing on older leaves. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/magnesium.html
Magnesium nitrate (aka Mg(NO3)2, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, 11-0-0 magnesium, mag nitrate): Magnesium nitrate supplies about 9.5% magnesium and 11% nitrogen as nitrate, and unlike Epsom salt it can share a concentrated stock with calcium nitrate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/magnesium-nitrate.html
Magnesium sulfate (aka Epsom salt, Epsom salts, MgSO4, magnesium sulphate, MgSO4·7H2O, epsom): Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sold as Epsom salt, is the common hydro magnesium source, supplying about 9.9% magnesium and 13% sulfur. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/magnesium-sulfate.html
Manganese (aka Mn, Mn2+, manganese deficiency, manganese toxicity): Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient that splits water in photosynthesis and activates many enzymes; low pH can raise it to toxic levels. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/manganese.html
Manganese sulfate (aka MnSO4, manganese sulphate, MnSO4·H2O, manganous sulfate): Manganese sulfate (MnSO4) is the common soluble manganese source for DIY micronutrient mixes, about 32% Mn in the monohydrate form. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/manganese-sulfate.html
Micronutrient (aka micronutrients, micros, trace elements, trace minerals, minor nutrients): A micronutrient is an essential element plants need only in trace amounts, below a few mg/L: iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine and nickel. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/micronutrient.html
Mineral fertiliser (aka synthetic fertiliser, synthetic fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, synthetic nutrients, salt-based nutrients, chemical fertiliser): A mineral (synthetic) fertiliser supplies nutrients as soluble salts that dissolve straight into plant-available ions; chemically, the plant takes up the same ions as from organic sources. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mineral-fertiliser.html
Mobile nutrient (aka mobile nutrients, mobile elements, phloem-mobile nutrient): A mobile nutrient is one the plant can move from older leaves to new growth, so its deficiency shows first on lower, older leaves: N, P, K, Mg, Cl, Mo. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mobile-nutrient.html
Molasses (aka blackstrap molasses, unsulphured molasses, carbs (additive), carbohydrate additive, sugar additive): Molasses is a sugar-rich by-product of sugar refining added to soil feeds; its sugars feed soil microbes, not the plant, and do not sweeten buds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/molasses.html
Molybdenum (aka Mo, molybdate, MoO4 2-, molybdenum deficiency): Molybdenum (Mo) is the micronutrient needed in the smallest amount; plants need it to convert nitrate into usable nitrogen. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/molybdenum.html
Monoammonium phosphate (aka MAP, NH4H2PO4, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 12-61-0, mono ammonium phosphate): Monoammonium phosphate (MAP, NH4H2PO4) supplies about 12% nitrogen as ammonium and 26.6% phosphorus, adding P while gently acidifying the root zone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/monoammonium-phosphate.html
Monopotassium phosphate (aka MKP, KH2PO4, mono potassium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0-52-34): Monopotassium phosphate (MKP, KH2PO4) supplies about 22.7% phosphorus and 28.7% potassium with no nitrogen, and is the base of most PK boosters. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/monopotassium-phosphate.html
Mulder's chart (aka Mulders chart, Mulder chart, nutrient interaction chart, Mulder's wheel): Mulder's chart is a diagram showing antagonistic and synergistic interactions between plant nutrients, used as a rough guide to which excesses cause which deficiencies. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mulders-chart.html
N-P-K ratio (aka NPK, N-P-K, NPK ratio, fertiliser ratio, fertilizer grade): The N-P-K ratio is the three numbers on a fertiliser label giving percent nitrogen, phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O) by weight, not elemental P and K. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/npk-ratio.html
Nickel (aka Ni, Ni2+, nickel deficiency): Nickel (Ni) is a micronutrient required for urease, the enzyme that breaks down urea; plants need only traces, which most feeds and waters already contain. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nickel.html
Nitrate (aka NO3-, NO3, nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N): Nitrate (NO3-) is the main form of nitrogen in hydroponic and soilless feeds; its uptake tends to push root-zone pH upward. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nitrate.html
Nitric acid (aka HNO3, nitric pH down, pH down (nitric)): Nitric acid (HNO3) lowers pH while adding nitrate nitrogen; growers use it to neutralise hard-water alkalinity, often alongside or instead of phosphoric acid. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nitric-acid.html
Nitrogen (aka N, nitrogen deficiency, N deficiency, nitrogen toxicity): Nitrogen (N) is the macronutrient plants use most, built into proteins, chlorophyll and nucleic acids; it drives leaf and stem growth and is fully mobile. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nitrogen.html
Nutrient antagonism (aka antagonism, ion antagonism, nutrient interaction, ion competition, antagonistic nutrients): Nutrient antagonism is when an excess of one element reduces the uptake or use of another, such as high potassium suppressing magnesium and calcium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nutrient-antagonism.html
Nutrient burn (aka nute burn, nute-burn, tip burn, burnt tips, fertiliser burn, fertilizer burn, overfert): Nutrient burn is browning and crisping of leaf tips, then margins, caused by a root-zone salt concentration (EC) higher than the plant can handle. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nutrient-burn.html
Nutrient deficiency (aka deficiency, deficiencies, nutrient deficiencies, def, hunger sign): A nutrient deficiency is a shortage of an essential element in the plant tissue, causing characteristic symptoms; the cause is often pH or uptake rather than an empty feed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nutrient-deficiency.html
Nutrient toxicity (aka toxicity, nutrient excess, element toxicity, overfeeding): Nutrient toxicity is damage from an excess of an element in the plant, either directly or by blocking uptake of others; boron, manganese, copper and chloride are common culprits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nutrient-toxicity.html
One-part nutrient (aka single-part nutrient, 1-part nutrient, one-part feed, complete one-part): A one-part nutrient is a complete mineral feed in a single concentrate or powder, formulated to avoid the calcium-sulfate and calcium-phosphate precipitation that forces most feeds into two parts. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/one-part-nutrient.html
Organic fertiliser (aka organic fertilizer, organic nutrients, organic nutes, organic amendments, natural fertiliser): An organic fertiliser supplies nutrients from plant, animal or mineral-rock sources that soil microbes must break down into ions before roots can absorb them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/organic-fertiliser.html
Per-element dosing (aka single-element dosing, per-element feeding, custom dosing, salt-based dosing, DIY nutrients): Per-element dosing builds a feed from individual salts or single-element stocks so each nutrient can be set independently, such as cutting nitrogen without cutting potassium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/per-element-dosing.html
Phosphate (aka H2PO4-, HPO4 2-, PO4, orthophosphate, phosphate ion): Phosphate is the ionic form in which plants absorb phosphorus, mainly H2PO4- at the normal root-zone pH of 5.5-6.5. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phosphate.html
Phosphoric acid (aka H3PO4, orthophosphoric acid, pH down (phosphoric)): Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the most common pH-down acid; it lowers pH while adding phosphorus, about 27% P in the usual 85% grade. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phosphoric-acid.html
Phosphorus (aka P, phosphorous, phosphorus deficiency, P deficiency): Phosphorus (P) is a mobile macronutrient used in energy transfer (ATP), DNA and cell membranes; cannabis needs moderate amounts and gains nothing from excess. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phosphorus.html
Potassium (aka K, K+, kalium, potassium deficiency, K deficiency): Potassium (K) is a mobile macronutrient that controls water balance, stomata and enzyme activity; deficiency scorches the edges of older leaves. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potassium.html
Potassium nitrate (aka KNO3, saltpetre, saltpeter, 13-0-46, nitrate of potash): Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is a soluble fertiliser salt supplying about 13% nitrogen as nitrate and 38% potassium, used in both veg and flower feeds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potassium-nitrate.html
Potassium silicate (aka K2SiO3, liquid silica, potassium silicate solution, water glass (potassium)): Potassium silicate is a strongly alkaline liquid or powder used to add silicon (and some potassium) to feeds; it goes into the water first, before other nutrients. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potassium-silicate.html
Potassium sulfate (aka K2SO4, sulfate of potash, SOP, potassium sulphate, 0-0-50): Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) supplies roughly 41-45% potassium and 17-18% sulfur with no nitrogen, useful for adding K while tapering N in late flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potassium-sulfate.html
ppm of an element (aka elemental ppm, mg/L of an element, ppm N, ppm per element, parts per million (nutrient)): Ppm of an element means milligrams of that element per litre of solution (mg/L), the unit nutrient recipes use; it is not the ppm shown on an EC meter. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/elemental-ppm.html
Secondary nutrient (aka secondary nutrients, secondary macronutrients, secondary elements): Secondary nutrients are calcium, magnesium and sulfur: macronutrients needed in substantial amounts but not included in the N-P-K numbers on a label. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/secondary-nutrient.html
Silica (aka SiO2, silicon dioxide, silica supplement, silica additive): Silica is silicon dioxide (SiO2); growers use the word loosely for any silicon supplement added to stiffen stems and improve stress tolerance. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/silica.html
Silicon (aka Si, silicic acid, monosilicic acid, orthosilicic acid): Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element, not strictly essential, that plants absorb as silicic acid and deposit in cell walls, stiffening tissue and aiding stress tolerance. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/silicon.html
Sodium (aka Na, Na+, sodium toxicity, salt stress): Sodium (Na) is not essential for cannabis; it enters through water, softeners and some inputs, and at high levels causes salt stress and crowds out potassium and calcium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sodium.html
Sodium molybdate (aka Na2MoO4, sodium molybdate dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O): Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4·2H2O), about 39.7% molybdenum, is the common Mo source for micronutrient mixes, used in microgram-per-litre amounts. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sodium-molybdate.html
Stock solution (aka nutrient concentrate, stock tank, 100x stock): A stock solution is a concentrated nutrient mix, often 100x or 200x final strength, diluted into the reservoir; calcium and sulfate/phosphate stocks must stay separate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stock-solution.html
Sulfate (aka SO4, SO4 2-, sulphate, sulfate ion): Sulfate (SO4 2-) is the form in which plants take up sulfur, delivered mainly by magnesium sulfate and potassium sulfate in mineral feeds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sulfate.html
Sulfur (aka S, sulphur, sulfur deficiency, sulphur deficiency): Sulfur (S) is a secondary nutrient taken up as sulfate, used in the amino acids cysteine and methionine; deficiency yellows new growth fairly evenly. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sulfur.html
Tissue test (aka leaf tissue test, tissue analysis, plant tissue analysis, leaf analysis, foliar analysis): A tissue test is a lab analysis of dried leaf samples that measures the actual nutrient content of the plant, the most reliable way to confirm a deficiency or toxicity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tissue-test.html
Urea (aka CO(NH2)2, carbamide, 46-0-0, urea nitrogen): Urea is a 46% nitrogen organic compound that soil enzymes convert to ammonium; it is cheap in field fertilisers but a poor choice for hydroponic cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/urea.html
Zinc (aka Zn, Zn2+, zinc deficiency): Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient needed for auxin production and many enzymes; deficiency gives small, twisted new leaves and shortened internodes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/zinc.html
Zinc sulfate (aka ZnSO4, zinc sulphate, ZnSO4·7H2O, zinc sulfate monohydrate): Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is the standard soluble zinc salt for micronutrient mixes, about 22.7% Zn as the heptahydrate and 35.5% as the monohydrate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/zinc-sulfate.html

## pH, EC and water

Alkalinity (aka total alkalinity, water alkalinity, bicarbonate alkalinity, mg/L CaCO3, ppm as CaCO3): Alkalinity is water's capacity to neutralise acid, mainly from dissolved bicarbonate and carbonate, reported in mg/L as CaCO3; it decides how much pH Down you need. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/alkalinity.html
ATC (aka automatic temperature compensation, temperature compensation, temp compensation, temperature-compensated): ATC (automatic temperature compensation) is a meter feature that corrects pH or EC readings for sample temperature, usually referencing EC to 25 °C. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/atc.html
Buffering capacity (aka buffer capacity, pH buffering capacity, buffering power, acid-neutralising capacity, acid neutralizing capacity): Buffering capacity is how strongly a water, solution or medium resists pH change when acid or base is added; high capacity means stable but hard-to-move pH. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/buffering-capacity.html
Calibration solution (aka calibration fluid, buffer solution pH 7, pH 4 buffer, 1413 solution, EC standard, cal solution): A calibration solution is a standard liquid of known pH or EC used to calibrate meters, such as pH 4.01, 7.00 and 10.01 buffers or 1.413 mS/cm EC standard. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/calibration-solution.html
Carbonate hardness (aka KH, dKH, carbonate hardness (KH), temporary hardness, German degrees KH): Carbonate hardness (KH) is the bicarbonate and carbonate content of water, often given in German degrees (dKH); in practice it is a measure of alkalinity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/carbonate-hardness.html
CF (aka conductivity factor, CF units, CF reading, CF scale): CF (conductivity factor) is an EC scale used mainly in Australia, New Zealand and the UK, where 1 CF equals 0.1 mS/cm (100 µS/cm). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cf.html
Chloramine (aka monochloramine, chloramines, NH2Cl, chloraminated water, combined chlorine): Chloramine (monochloramine) is a long-lasting water disinfectant made from chlorine and ammonia; unlike chlorine, it does not leave water by standing or aerating. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chloramine.html
Conversion factor (aka EC to ppm conversion, TDS factor, ppm conversion factor, k factor, EC conversion): The conversion factor is the multiplier a TDS meter applies to EC to report ppm, commonly 0.5, 0.64 or 0.7; it is why ppm readings differ between meters. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/conversion-factor.html
EC (aka electrical conductivity, conductivity, EC reading, nutrient strength, electroconductivity): EC (electrical conductivity) measures how well a solution conducts electricity, a proxy for total dissolved salts; growers read it in mS/cm to gauge nutrient strength. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ec.html
EC meter (aka EC pen, conductivity meter, TDS pen, ppm meter, EC tester, truncheon meter): An EC meter measures how well a solution conducts electricity, giving nutrient strength in mS/cm or as ppm via a conversion factor. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ec-meter.html
Free chlorine (aka chlorine (water treatment), residual chlorine, hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, chlorinated water): Free chlorine is the disinfectant (hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite) added to many tap waters; it dissipates from standing or aerated water within about a day. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/free-chlorine.html
General hardness (aka GH, dGH, total hardness, water hardness, hard water, permanent hardness): General hardness (GH) is the calcium and magnesium dissolved in water, expressed as mg/L CaCO3 or German degrees (dGH); hard water supplies some Ca and Mg. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/general-hardness.html
Input EC (aka feed EC, EC in, inflow EC, reservoir EC, feed strength): Input EC is the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution going into the pot or system, in mS/cm, including the base EC of the source water. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/input-ec.html
mS/cm (aka millisiemens per centimetre, millisiemens per centimeter, mS, millisiemens, dS/m): mS/cm (millisiemens per centimetre) is the standard unit of EC for nutrient solutions; 1 mS/cm equals 1 dS/m and 1,000 µS/cm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ms-cm.html
Nutrient lockout (aka lockout, locked out, nutrient lock, pH lockout, nutrient lock-out): Nutrient lockout is when plants show deficiency symptoms although nutrients are present, because pH, salt build-up, ion antagonism or damaged roots stop uptake. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nutrient-lockout.html
Osmotic stress (aka salinity stress, osmotic shock, high EC stress, physiological drought): Osmotic stress occurs when root-zone salt concentration is so high that roots struggle to draw in water, slowing growth and burning leaf tips even in wet media. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/osmotic-stress.html
pH (aka ph level, potential of hydrogen, acidity, pH value): pH measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is on a 0–14 scale; in growing it controls nutrient uptake, with soil best near 6.0–7.0 and hydro 5.5–6.5. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph.html
pH buffer (aka buffer solution, buffer, pH buffering agent, pH stabiliser, pH stabilizer): A pH buffer is a solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base that resists pH change; in growing it means calibration buffers or water chemistry that stabilises pH. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-buffer.html
pH Down (aka pH decreaser, pH minus, pH-, acid adjuster, pH down solution): pH Down is any acid used to lower solution pH, commonly phosphoric, nitric or sulfuric acid; each adds a nutrient, and all need gloves and eye protection. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-down.html
pH drift (aka pH swing, pH creep, drifting pH, pH rising, pH falling, pH fluctuation): pH drift is the gradual rise or fall of a nutrient solution's pH between adjustments, driven mainly by which ions the roots take up. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-drift.html
pH meter (aka pH pen, pH probe, pH tester, pH electrode, digital pH meter, pH meter probe): A pH meter measures solution pH with a glass electrode whose voltage changes with hydrogen ion activity; it needs regular calibration and a moist probe. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-meter.html
pH scale (aka pH range, 0-14 scale, acid-base scale, logarithmic pH scale): The pH scale runs from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline) with 7 neutral; it is logarithmic, so each whole unit is a tenfold change in acidity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-scale.html
pH Up (aka pH increaser, pH plus, pH+, alkaline adjuster, pH up solution): pH Up is any alkaline additive used to raise solution pH, commonly potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate; it is caustic and needs gloves and eye protection. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ph-up.html
Pour-through (aka pour-through test, pour-through method, pourthru, leachate test): A standard way to sample root-zone pH and EC: water the pot to saturation, wait 30 minutes to 2 hours, then pour a set volume of distilled water on top and measure the first liquid that drains out. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pour-through.html
ppm500 (aka 500 scale, ppm 500, NaCl scale, TDS 500, 0.5 conversion, NaCl ppm): ppm500 is the TDS scale that converts EC to ppm with a factor of 0.5 (based on sodium chloride), so 1.0 mS/cm reads 500 ppm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ppm500.html
ppm700 (aka 700 scale, ppm 700, 442 scale, TDS 700, 0.7 conversion, natural water scale): ppm700 is the TDS scale that converts EC to ppm with a factor of 0.7 (the 442 natural-water standard), so 1.0 mS/cm reads 700 ppm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ppm700.html
RO water (aka reverse osmosis water, reverse osmosis, RO, RO filter, RO system, purified water): RO water is water stripped of most dissolved salts by reverse osmosis; it has near-zero EC and little buffering, so pH moves easily and Ca and Mg must be added. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ro-water.html
Runoff (aka run-off, drain, drainage, runoff water, drain-to-waste runoff): Runoff is the water or nutrient solution that drains out of the bottom of a container after irrigation; growers test it to see what is happening in the root zone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/runoff.html
Runoff EC (aka drain EC, EC of runoff, runoff ppm, leachate EC, output EC): Runoff EC is the conductivity of solution draining from the pot; compared with input EC, it shows whether salts are building up or being used up in the root zone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/runoff-ec.html
µS/cm (aka microsiemens per centimetre, microsiemens per centimeter, uS/cm, µS, microsiemens): µS/cm (microsiemens per centimetre) is a unit of EC one thousandth of mS/cm, used mostly for low-conductivity water such as RO and rainwater. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/us-cm.html
Salt build-up (aka salt buildup, salt accumulation, salt build up, fertiliser salt build-up, fertilizer salt buildup, salt crust): Salt build-up is the accumulation of unused fertiliser and water salts in the growing medium, raising root-zone EC and causing osmotic stress and lockout-type symptoms. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/salt-build-up.html
Slurry test (aka 1:2 slurry, 1:2 dilution test, slurry method, medium slurry): A way to measure the pH and EC of a growing medium by mixing a sample with distilled water (often 1 part medium to 2 parts water), letting it stand, and measuring the liquid. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/slurry-test.html
Tap water (aka mains water, municipal water, city water, faucet water, well water, hard tap water): Tap water is municipal or well water used for irrigation; its EC, alkalinity, hardness, sodium and disinfectant vary widely, so it should be tested before use. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tap-water.html
TDS (aka total dissolved solids, TDS meter, TDS reading, ppm reading, dissolved solids): TDS (total dissolved solids) is the mass of dissolved material in water; grow meters estimate it from EC with a conversion factor and display it as ppm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tds.html
Two-point calibration (aka 2-point calibration, two point cal, dual-point calibration, slope calibration, multi-point calibration): Two-point calibration sets a pH meter with two buffers, usually pH 7.00 then 4.01, fixing both its offset and its slope for accurate readings. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/two-point-calibration.html

## Systems and media

Aeroponics (aka aero, aeroponic, LPA, low-pressure aeroponics, low pressure aeroponics, spray hydroponics): Aeroponics grows plants with roots hanging in air inside a dark chamber, wetted by sprayed nutrient solution; low-pressure (LPA) systems use ordinary pumps and spray heads. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/aeroponics.html
Air stone (aka airstone, air stones, bubbler, air diffuser, diffuser stone, air pump and stone): An air stone is a porous diffuser connected to an air pump that breaks air into fine bubbles in a nutrient solution, mixing it and helping maintain dissolved oxygen. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/air-stone.html
Air-filled porosity (aka AFP, air porosity, air space, aeration porosity, air-filled pore space): Air-filled porosity is the share of a container's volume that holds air rather than water after it has drained, a key factor in root oxygen and overwatering risk. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/air-filled-porosity.html
Beneficial-microbe reservoir (aka bio reservoir, biological reservoir, beneficial reservoir, microbe-dosed reservoir, living reservoir, bio-buckets): A beneficial-microbe reservoir deliberately inoculates hydroponic solution with helpful bacteria and fungi so they occupy the root zone before pathogens can; GenetixBay prefers this approach. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beneficial-microbe-reservoir.html
Bottom watering (aka bottom-watering, bottom feeding, sub-irrigation, subirrigation, watering from below, tray watering): Bottom watering lets a pot absorb water or solution from a tray beneath it, so the medium wets from the base upward by capillary action. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bottom-watering.html
Cation exchange capacity (aka CEC, cation exchange, exchange capacity, cation-exchange capacity): Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a medium's ability to hold positively charged nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium on its surfaces and release them later. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cation-exchange-capacity.html
Ceramic sensor watering (aka ceramic probe watering, ceramic cone watering, tensiometer valve watering, gravity-fed auto watering, auto-watering spikes): Ceramic sensor watering uses a porous ceramic cone in the medium that opens a small valve when the soil dries, feeding water from a gravity-fed reservoir on demand. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ceramic-sensor-watering.html
Chiller (aka water chiller, reservoir chiller, aquarium chiller, res chiller, inline chiller): A chiller is a refrigeration unit that cools hydroponic nutrient solution, keeping it around 18-21 °C so it holds more oxygen and root pathogens are discouraged. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chiller.html
Clay pebbles (aka LECA, expanded clay, clay balls, expanded clay aggregate, hydro pebbles): Clay pebbles (LECA) are fired, expanded clay balls used as an inert hydroponic medium that drains freely, holds a little water and anchors roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/clay-pebbles.html
Coco coir (aka coco, coir, coconut coir, coco peat, cocopeat, coco fibre, coco chips): Coco coir is a growing medium made from processed coconut husk, prized for holding water and air at once; it binds calcium and magnesium unless buffered. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/coco-coir.html
Compost tea (aka aerated compost tea, ACT, AACT, actively aerated compost tea, worm tea, compost extract): Compost tea is a liquid made by steeping compost or worm castings in water, often aerated with food sources, to extract and multiply microbes for the root zone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/compost-tea.html
Crop steering (aka crop-steering, plant steering, generative steering, vegetative steering, steering): Crop steering adjusts irrigation timing, volume and dryback, along with climate, to push plants towards vegetative growth or generative (flowering) growth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/crop-steering.html
Dissolved oxygen (aka DO, DO levels, oxygen in solution, O2 in water, mg/L oxygen): Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen gas held in water or nutrient solution, measured in mg/L, and roots need it to respire and take up nutrients. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dissolved-oxygen.html
Drain-to-waste (aka drain to waste, DTW, run to waste, open system, free-draining fertigation): Drain-to-waste fertigation feeds each plant fresh nutrient solution and lets the runoff leave the system rather than returning it to the reservoir. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/drain-to-waste.html
Drip irrigation (aka drip system, drip feed, drip emitters, dripper, drippers, top-feed drip): Drip irrigation delivers water or nutrient solution through tubing and emitters directly to each plant's medium, in measured amounts on a timer or controller. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/drip-irrigation.html
Dryback (aka dry-back, dry back, drybacks, substrate dryback, overnight dryback): Dryback is the drop in a substrate's water content between irrigations, usually expressed as a percentage of its content at full saturation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dryback.html
DWC (aka deep water culture, deep-water culture, bubble bucket, DWC bucket): DWC (deep water culture) suspends a plant's roots in an aerated nutrient solution, typically in a bucket with a net pot lid and an air stone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dwc.html
Ebb and flow (aka flood and drain, flood-and-drain, ebb & flow, ebb-and-flow, flood table, flood tray): Ebb and flow (flood and drain) periodically floods a tray of potted plants with nutrient solution, then drains it back to a reservoir, pulling fresh air into the medium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ebb-and-flow.html
Fertigation (aka fertigate, fertigating, feed and water, nutrient irrigation): Fertigation is delivering fertiliser dissolved in irrigation water, so plants are fed every time they are watered rather than through solid amendments. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fertigation.html
Field capacity (aka container capacity, pot capacity, water holding capacity, drained upper limit): Field capacity is the amount of water a medium holds after it has been saturated and allowed to drain freely; in pots it is called container capacity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/field-capacity.html
Fogponics (aka fog-ponics, fogponic, ultrasonic aeroponics, fogger system, mist culture): Fogponics is a form of aeroponics that bathes roots in a fog of nutrient solution made by ultrasonic foggers, with droplets far smaller than spray systems. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fogponics.html
Growing medium (aka media, medium, substrate, grow media, growing media, growing substrate): A growing medium (plural media) is the material roots grow in, such as soil, coco, rockwool or clay pebbles, which anchors the plant and holds water, air and sometimes nutrients. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/growing-medium.html
High-frequency fertigation (aka HFF, high frequency fertigation, high-frequency feeding, pulse feeding): High-frequency fertigation feeds small volumes of nutrient solution many times a day, keeping the root zone consistently moist and fed so small pots can produce large plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/high-frequency-fertigation.html
HPA (aka high-pressure aeroponics, high pressure aeroponics, HP aero, true aeroponics, HPA aeroponics): HPA (high-pressure aeroponics) mists roots with very fine droplets from a high-pressure pump and accumulator, giving maximum aeration but little margin for failure. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hpa.html
Hydrogen peroxide (aka H2O2, H₂O₂, peroxide, food-grade peroxide, hydrogen peroxide reservoir): Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an oxidising sanitiser used to clean hydroponic equipment and reservoirs; it breaks down quickly into water and oxygen and kills beneficial microbes too. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hydrogen-peroxide.html
Hydroponics (aka hydro, hydroponic, hydroponic growing, water culture, hydroponically): Hydroponics is growing plants without soil, feeding roots a complete mineral nutrient solution either directly in water or through an inert medium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hydroponics.html
Kratky method (aka kratky, Kratky hydroponics, passive hydroponics, non-circulating hydroponics, set and forget hydro): The Kratky method is a passive hydroponic system with no pumps: plants sit above a container of solution, and a growing air gap forms as the level drops. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/kratky.html
Living soil (aka living organic soil, LOS, living soil bed, soil food web, beneficial soil biology): Living soil is an organic growing medium managed to sustain an active soil food web, so microbes and invertebrates release nutrients and the soil is reused across cycles. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/living-soil.html
Mycorrhizae (aka mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal fungi, myco, AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal inoculant): Mycorrhizae are symbioses in which fungi colonise plant roots and extend hyphae into the soil, trading water and nutrients such as phosphorus for the plant's sugars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mycorrhizae.html
Net pot (aka net pots, net cup, mesh pot, netpot, hydro basket): A net pot is a plastic cup with slotted or mesh walls that holds a plant and its medium in a hydroponic lid, letting roots grow through into solution. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/net-pot.html
NFT (aka nutrient film technique, nutrient film, NFT channel, NFT gully, gully system): NFT (nutrient film technique) runs a thin, continuous film of nutrient solution along sloped channels, with roots resting in the stream and exposed to air above. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nft.html
No-till (aka no till, notill, no-till growing, no-till bed, no-till pots): No-till growing reuses living soil from cycle to cycle without turning or replacing it, cutting out the old root ball and replenishing with top-dressed amendments. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/no-till.html
Peat (aka peat moss, sphagnum peat, sphagnum peat moss, peat-based mix, peat-lite): Peat is partially decomposed sphagnum moss from bogs, the base of most potting mixes; it holds water and nutrients well but is acidic and needs lime. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/peat.html
Perlite (aka perlite rock, expanded perlite, sponge rock): Perlite is a light, white, puffed volcanic glass added to growing mixes to increase drainage and air space; it is chemically inert and holds no nutrients. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/perlite.html
Potting mix (aka potting soil, potting compost, container mix, bagged soil, growing mix): Potting mix is a manufactured container medium, usually peat or coco with perlite, lime and starter fertiliser, designed to drain and hold air better than garden soil. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potting-mix.html
RDWC (aka recirculating deep water culture, recirculating DWC, re-circulating DWC, under current, undercurrent): RDWC (recirculating deep water culture) links several aerated buckets to a central control reservoir, pumping solution through all of them to keep conditions uniform. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rdwc.html
Recirculating system (aka recirculating, recirculating hydro, closed system, closed-loop hydroponics, recirc): A recirculating (closed) system returns drained nutrient solution to the reservoir to be reused, saving water and nutrients but needing more monitoring and sanitation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/recirculating-system.html
Reservoir (aka res, nutrient reservoir, nutrient tank, feed tank, rez, sump): A reservoir is the tank that holds a system's water or nutrient solution, the place where pH, EC, temperature and oxygen are measured and adjusted. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/reservoir.html
Rockwool (aka rock wool, stonewool, stone wool, mineral wool, rockwool cubes): Rockwool is an inert growing medium spun from melted basalt rock into fibres, sold as plugs, cubes and slabs, that holds water and air in fixed proportions. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rockwool.html
Rockwool slab (aka slab, slabs, rockwool block, rockwool blocks, stonewool slab, grow slab): A rockwool slab is a large, plastic-wrapped block of stone wool on which several rockwool blocks sit and finish their roots, the standard format for commercial drain-to-waste. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rockwool-slab.html
Root zone (aka root environment, rootzone, root-zone conditions, below-ground): The root zone is the volume of medium or solution where a plant's roots live, including its water, air, temperature, pH, EC and microbes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-zone.html
Soil (aka dirt, garden soil, topsoil, soil grow, native soil): In cannabis growing, soil means a living, organic-rich growing medium, either natural earth or a bagged mix, that supplies some nutrients and buffers pH and feeding mistakes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/soil.html
Soilless (aka soilless mix, soilless medium, soilless growing, soil-less, inert medium): A soilless medium contains no mineral soil, such as peat, coco, rockwool or perlite blends, and relies mostly on the grower to supply nutrients. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/soilless.html
Sterile reservoir (aka sterile hydro, sterilised reservoir, sterilized reservoir, clean reservoir, sanitised reservoir, oxidiser-treated reservoir): A sterile reservoir keeps hydroponic solution as free of microbes as possible with oxidising sanitisers or UV, a valid strategy that only works if applied consistently. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sterile-reservoir.html
Super soil (aka supersoil, super-soil mix, amended soil, hot soil): Super soil is a heavily amended organic soil mix, rich in compost and slow-release amendments, intended to feed a plant through most of its life with only water. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/super-soil.html
Top dressing (aka top dress, top-dress, top-dressing, topdressing, side dressing): Top dressing is spreading dry fertiliser or amendments on the soil surface, usually under mulch, so nutrients release into the root zone as the plant is watered. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/top-dressing.html
Vermiculite (aka exfoliated vermiculite, vermiculite mix): Vermiculite is expanded mica-like mineral flakes that hold water and nutrients in a mix, used to increase moisture retention rather than drainage. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/vermiculite.html
Wick system (aka wick watering, wick hydroponics, wicking, wick-fed, self-watering pot): A wick system is a passive watering method in which an absorbent cord draws water or nutrient solution up from a reservoir into the medium by capillary action. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wick-system.html

## Pests and diseases

Action threshold (aka economic threshold, treatment threshold, intervention threshold, action level, economic injury level): The pest or disease level, set in advance, at which a grower takes a specific control action because waiting longer would cost more than acting. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/action-threshold.html
Aerial dispersal (aka ballooning, silk ballooning, wind dispersal): Pests spreading on air currents; spider mites gather at plant tops and drop on silk threads to be carried by wind or fans. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/aerial-dispersal.html
Alate (aka alates, winged aphid, winged morph, alatae): The winged form of an aphid, produced mainly when colonies crowd or plants decline; alates fly to new plants and are caught on sticky cards. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/alate.html
Amblyseius swirskii (aka swirskii, A. swirskii, swirski mite): A warmth-loving generalist predatory mite that eats thrips larvae, whitefly eggs and nymphs and broad mites, and can persist on pollen. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/amblyseius-swirskii.html
Aphid (aka aphids, greenfly, blackfly, plant lice, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae): Small soft-bodied sap-sucking insects of the family Aphididae that cluster on stems and leaf undersides, excrete sticky honeydew and multiply rapidly by live birth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/aphid.html
Aphidius (aka Aphidius colemani, Aphidius ervi, aphid parasitoid, parasitic wasp, parasitoid wasp, aphid mummy): Tiny parasitic wasps of the genus Aphidius that lay eggs inside aphids; the larva kills the host from inside, leaving a swollen tan mummy. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/aphidius.html
Arrhenotoky (aka arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, arrhenotokous): Reproduction in which unmated females lay unfertilised eggs that become males, while mated females make both sexes. Typical of spider mites and thrips. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/arrhenotoky.html
Bacillus thuringiensis (aka Bt, B.t., Btk, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Bt aizawai): A soil bacterium whose crystal proteins kill caterpillars after they eat treated leaves; subspecies kurstaki and aizawai are the strains used against budworms. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bacillus-thuringiensis.html
Banker plant (aka banker plants, banker plant system, open rearing system): A non-crop plant kept in the grow to host harmless alternative prey or pollen, breeding beneficial insects continuously so they are ready when pests arrive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/banker-plant.html
Beauveria bassiana (aka Beauveria, B. bassiana, white muscardine fungus, entomopathogenic fungus): An insect-killing fungus whose spores germinate on contact, penetrate the cuticle and kill soft-bodied pests such as whiteflies, thrips, aphids and root aphids. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beauveria-bassiana.html
Beet curly top virus (aka BCTV, curly top, curly top virus, Curtovirus): BCTV, a leafhopper-spread curtovirus that stunts outdoor hemp and cannabis, curling and yellowing new leaves; there is no cure once a plant is infected. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beet-curly-top-virus.html
Biofilm (aka root slime, slime, brown slime, reservoir slime, slimy roots): A slimy community of microbes stuck to surfaces in a matrix they secrete; in hydro, it coats lines, reservoirs and roots and can shelter pathogens. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/biofilm.html
Biological control (aka biocontrol, biological pest control, beneficial insects, beneficials, natural enemies, bugs on bugs): Using living natural enemies, such as predators, parasitoids, nematodes and microbes, to suppress pests and diseases instead of, or before, chemical sprays. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/biological-control.html
Botrytis (aka bud rot, grey mould, gray mold, grey mold, Botrytis cinerea, botrytis bud rot, BBR): Botrytis cinerea, the fungus behind bud rot or grey mould, which rots dense colas from the inside in cool, humid conditions late in flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/botrytis.html
Broad mite (aka broad mites, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, tropical mite): Polyphagotarsonemus latus, a microscopic tarsonemid mite whose toxic feeding twists, glazes and stunts new growth; often mistaken for calcium deficiency or heat stress. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/broad-mite.html
Bti (aka Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, B.t.i., Bt israelensis, Bt for fungus gnats): Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, a bacterial strain whose toxins kill fly larvae, including fungus gnats, after ingestion; applied as a medium drench. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bti.html
Cannabis aphid (aka hemp aphid, Phorodon cannabis, cannabis aphids): Phorodon cannabis, an aphid that feeds mainly on cannabis and hemp, colonising leaf undersides and buds and leaving honeydew and cast skins in flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cannabis-aphid.html
Caterpillar (aka caterpillars, worms, larvae, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, hemp borer): The larval stage of moths and butterflies (order Lepidoptera); on cannabis, leaf-chewers, stem borers and bud-boring species whose frass seeds bud rot. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/caterpillar.html
Contact vs systemic (aka contact pesticide, systemic pesticide, systemic insecticide, systemic fungicide, translaminar, contact insecticide): Contact products act only where the spray touches the pest; systemic products are absorbed and move inside the plant, which raises residue concerns in cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/contact-vs-systemic.html
Corn earworm (aka budworm, budworms, bud worm, Helicoverpa zea, cotton bollworm, tomato fruitworm, CEW): Helicoverpa zea, a moth caterpillar that bores into developing cannabis flowers outdoors, leaving frass that triggers bud rot; growers call it budworm. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/corn-earworm.html
Crawler (aka crawlers, mealybug crawler): The mobile first-instar nymph of a mealybug or scale insect; the only stage without protective wax, so the stage contact sprays hit best. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/crawler.html
Cultural control (aka cultural controls, cultural practices, prevention, preventive measures, environmental control of pests): Pest and disease prevention by changing how the crop is grown, such as humidity, airflow, spacing, watering and cultivar choice, so pests and pathogens struggle to establish. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cultural-control.html
Cutworm (aka cutworms, black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis): Moth caterpillars of the family Noctuidae, such as the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), that hide in soil by day and chew through seedling stems at night. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cutworm.html
Cyclamen mite (aka cyclamen mites, Phytonemus pallidus, strawberry mite): Phytonemus pallidus, a tarsonemid mite related to the broad mite that distorts new growth on many ornamentals; rarely reported on cannabis and often confused with broad mite. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cyclamen-mite.html
Damping-off (aka damping off, dampening off, seedling rot, pre-emergence damping-off, Rhizoctonia solani): The collapse of seedlings or cuttings when soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium rot the stem at the soil line. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/damping-off.html
Degree-day (aka degree-days, growing degree-day, GDD, heat units, thermal time): A unit of accumulated heat above a pest's lower developmental threshold; development finishes when a stage's degree-day total is reached, whatever the calendar says. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/degree-day.html
Developmental threshold (aka lower developmental threshold, upper developmental threshold, base temperature, lower threshold, upper threshold, thermal threshold): The temperatures below which (lower) and above which (upper) a pest's development stops or slows; they bound degree-day models. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/developmental-threshold.html
Diapause (aka overwintering diapause, reproductive diapause, diapausing females): A programmed, hormone-controlled dormancy that a pest enters in response to cues such as short days and cool temperatures, ahead of bad conditions. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/diapause.html
Doubling time (aka population doubling time): The days an unchecked pest population needs to double, equal to ln 2 divided by r_m (0.693 / r_m). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/doubling-time.html
Downy mildew (aka Pseudoperonospora cannabina, Pseudoperonospora humuli, downy mold, DM): An oomycete leaf disease of cannabis, historically attributed to Pseudoperonospora cannabina, causing yellow patches above and grey-purple fuzz under leaves in cool, wet weather. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/downy-mildew.html
Entomopathogenic fungi (aka insect-killing fungi, mycoinsecticide, fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium, Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium): Fungi that infect and kill insects and mites through the cuticle; their spores need high humidity at the leaf surface to germinate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/entomopathogenic-fungi.html
Eriophyid mite (aka eriophyid, eriophyid mites, Eriophyidae): A family of microscopic, carrot-shaped mites with only two pairs of legs; includes the hemp russet mite, invisible without about 40-60x magnification. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/eriophyid-mite.html
Fecundity (aka lifetime fecundity, eggs per female, oviposition rate): The number of eggs or live young a female produces, per day or in her lifetime; a key life-table input. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fecundity.html
Frass (aka insect frass, caterpillar droppings, insect droppings): Insect excrement: the dark pellets left by caterpillars, the tiny black specks left by thrips, and the fine debris left by other feeders; finding it is a key sign of a hidden pest. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/frass.html
Fungus gnat (aka fungus gnats, Bradysia, sciarid fly, sciarid, soil gnats, dark-winged fungus gnat): Small dark flies of the genus Bradysia (family Sciaridae) whose larvae live in wet growing media, feeding on fungi, organic matter and young roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fungus-gnat.html
Fusarium wilt (aka Fusarium, Fusarium oxysporum, fusarium root rot, Fusarium crown rot, Fusarium solani): A soil-borne fungal disease, chiefly Fusarium oxysporum, that blocks water-conducting tissue, causing one-sided yellowing, wilting and brown streaks inside the stem. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fusarium-wilt.html
Generation time (aka mean generation time, generation length): The average time from a female's birth to the birth of her offspring; at a set temperature it fixes how often a pest population multiplies. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/generation-time.html
Grasshopper (aka grasshoppers, Melanoplus, Acrididae, locust): Plant-chewing insects of the family Acrididae, often Melanoplus species in North America, that strip leaves of outdoor cannabis in dry summers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/grasshopper.html
Haplodiploidy (aka haplodiploid, haplo-diploid): A sex-determination system where males develop from unfertilised eggs with one chromosome set and females from fertilised eggs with two; found in mites, thrips and whiteflies. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/haplodiploidy.html
Hemp russet mite (aka russet mite, russet mites, Aculops cannabicola, HRM, rust mite): Aculops cannabicola, a microscopic eriophyid mite specific to cannabis that causes upward leaf curl, bronzing and dull, greasy-looking trichomes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hemp-russet-mite.html
Holocyclic and anholocyclic (aka holocyclic, anholocyclic, holocycle, anholocycle): Aphid life cycles with (holocyclic) or without (anholocyclic) a yearly sexual generation that lays overwintering eggs. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/holocyclic.html
Honeydew (aka honey dew): The sugary liquid excreted by sap-feeding insects such as aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs and soft scales; it makes leaves sticky and feeds sooty mould. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/honeydew.html
Hop latent viroid (aka HLVd, hop latent viroid disease, dudding, dudding disease, duds, dudded plants): HLVd, a small infectious RNA that spreads through sap and tools, causing stunting, brittle stems, small loose buds and reduced resin in cannabis; called dudding. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hop-latent-viroid.html
Hopperburn (aka hopper burn, leafhopper burn): Yellowing and browning that starts at leaf tips and margins in a V shape, caused by potato leafhopper feeding blocking leaf veins. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hopperburn.html
Horticultural oil (aka horticultural oils, mineral oil, paraffinic oil, summer oil, dormant oil, plant oil spray): A refined petroleum or plant oil sprayed to smother soft-bodied pests and eggs and suppress powdery mildew on contact; used only on foliage, never on flowers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/horticultural-oil.html
Insecticidal soap (aka insecticidal soaps, potassium salts of fatty acids, soap spray, potassium soap, fatty acid soap): Potassium salts of fatty acids sprayed to kill soft-bodied pests such as aphids, mites and whitefly nymphs on contact by disrupting their cell membranes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/insecticidal-soap.html
Instar (aka instars, larval instar, nymphal instar, first instar, early instar): A developmental stage between two moults of an insect larva or nymph; control tactics often work only on early instars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/instar.html
Intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) (aka r_m, rm, intrinsic rate of natural increase, per-capita growth rate): The per-day rate at which an unchecked pest population multiplies under set conditions, from a life table; N(t) = N0 x e^(r_m x t). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/intrinsic-rate-of-increase.html
IPM (aka integrated pest management, integrated pest and disease management, IPDM, integrated pest control): Integrated pest management: preventing and controlling pests by combining monitoring, prevention, cultural, biological and, as a last resort, chemical tools against set action thresholds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ipm.html
Lacewing (aka lacewings, green lacewing, Chrysoperla, Chrysoperla carnea, Chrysoperla rufilabris, aphid lion): Insects of the family Chrysopidae, mainly Chrysoperla species, whose larvae are general predators of aphids, thrips, mite eggs and young caterpillars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lacewing.html
Ladybird (aka ladybug, ladybugs, ladybirds, lady beetle, convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens, Coccinellidae, mealybug destroyer): Predatory beetles of the family Coccinellidae, such as Hippodamia convergens, whose adults and larvae eat aphids and other soft-bodied pests. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ladybird.html
Leaf spot (aka leaf spots, leaf spot disease, Alternaria, brown leaf spot, fungal leaf spot): Any disease that causes discrete dead spots on leaves; on cannabis, mainly fungi such as Septoria cannabis and Alternaria, plus some bacteria. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leaf-spot.html
Leafhopper (aka leafhoppers, Cicadellidae, beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus, hoppers): Small wedge-shaped jumping insects of the family Cicadellidae that suck plant sap; the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus) spreads beet curly top virus to hemp. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leafhopper.html
Leafminer (aka leafminers, leaf miner, leaf miners, Liriomyza, agromyzid fly): Insect larvae, on cannabis mainly Liriomyza fly maggots (family Agromyzidae), that tunnel between the leaf surfaces, leaving pale winding trails. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/leafminer.html
Life table (aka life tables, fertility life table, age-stage life table, demographic parameters): A record of survival and egg-laying at each age for a cohort of pests at set conditions, from which development time, fecundity and r_m are calculated. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/life-table.html
Mealybug (aka mealybugs, mealy bug, Pseudococcidae, citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, root mealybug): Soft-bodied sap-sucking insects of the family Pseudococcidae, covered in white waxy filaments, that hide in stem joints and roots and excrete honeydew. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mealybug.html
Mode of action (aka MoA, IRAC group, mode of action group): How a pesticide kills its target, grouped by IRAC into numbered classes; rotating between groups across pest generations slows resistance. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mode-of-action.html
Mold (aka mould, moldy buds, mouldy, mildew, mold and mildew, fungal growth): The everyday word for visible fungal growth; on cannabis it covers several distinct diseases, mainly bud rot (Botrytis cinerea) and powdery mildew (Golovinomyces ambrosiae). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mold.html
Neem oil (aka neem, azadirachtin, cold-pressed neem oil, clarified hydrophobic neem oil, Azadirachta indica): An oil pressed from seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) that smothers soft-bodied pests and, in crude forms, contains azadirachtin, an insect growth disruptor. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/neem-oil.html
Neoseiulus californicus (aka californicus, N. californicus, Amblyseius californicus): A generalist-leaning predatory mite that eats spider mites and broad mites, survives on low prey or pollen, and tolerates warmer, drier rooms than Phytoseiulus. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/neoseiulus-californicus.html
Neoseiulus cucumeris (aka cucumeris, N. cucumeris, Amblyseius cucumeris): A predatory mite that eats first-stage thrips larvae and some broad and cyclamen mites; tolerant of cooler rooms and widely used in sachets as a preventive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/neoseiulus-cucumeris.html
Net reproductive rate (R0) (aka R0, net reproduction rate): The average number of female offspring a female produces in her lifetime after mortality: the population's multiplication per generation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/net-reproductive-rate.html
Orius (aka minute pirate bug, minute pirate bugs, Orius insidiosus, Orius laevigatus, pirate bug): Minute pirate bugs of the genus Orius, such as Orius insidiosus, that hunt adult and larval thrips plus mites and aphids; some strains pause breeding under short days. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/orius.html
Parasitoid (aka parasitoids): An insect, usually a tiny wasp, whose larva develops inside or on a single host pest and kills it, often leaving a 'mummy'. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/parasitoid.html
Parthenogenesis (aka asexual reproduction, viviparous parthenogenesis, thelytoky, telescoping generations): Reproduction without mating. Indoor aphids are all-female and give live birth to daughters that already carry developing embryos. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/parthenogenesis.html
Pesticide resistance (aka resistance, insecticide resistance, miticide resistance, fungicide resistance, mode of action rotation, IRAC, FRAC): The inherited ability of a pest population to survive doses of a pesticide that once controlled it, selected by repeated use of one mode of action. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pesticide-resistance.html
Pheromone trap (aka pheromone traps, sex pheromone trap, moth trap, lure trap): A trap baited with a synthetic sex pheromone that catches males of one moth species; used to time scouting and sprays, not to control the pest. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pheromone-trap.html
Phoresy (aka phoretic, phoretic dispersal, hitchhiking mites): One animal riding on another to disperse without feeding on it, as broad mites do on whiteflies and aphids. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phoresy.html
Phytoseiulus persimilis (aka persimilis, P. persimilis, Chilean predatory mite): A specialist predatory mite that eats almost only Tetranychus spider mites, eggs to adults; fast-acting on hot spots but starves once prey runs out. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phytoseiulus-persimilis.html
Plant virus (aka plant viruses, virus, viral disease, mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, TMV, alfalfa mosaic virus, lettuce chlorosis virus): An infectious particle of nucleic acid in a protein coat that replicates inside plant cells; on cannabis, often insect-spread and incurable once infected. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-virus.html
Powdery mildew (aka PM, WPM, white powdery mildew, Golovinomyces ambrosiae, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Erysiphales): A fungal disease, on cannabis caused mainly by Golovinomyces ambrosiae, that grows as white powdery patches on leaves and buds and thrives in moderate humidity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/powdery-mildew.html
Pre-harvest interval (aka PHI, pre harvest interval, preharvest interval, days to harvest, withdrawal period): The minimum time, set on a pesticide label, that must pass between the last application and harvest so residues fall to permitted levels. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pre-harvest-interval.html
Predator:prey ratio (aka predator to prey ratio, predator-prey ratio, release ratio): The number of predators per pest at release or on scouting, used to judge whether biological control will catch up; spider mite guides often cite 1:10 to 1:20. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/predator-prey-ratio.html
Predatory mite (aka predatory mites, predator mites, phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiidae, beneficial mites): Mites, mostly of the family Phytoseiidae, released as biological control to eat pest mites, thrips larvae, whitefly eggs or fungus gnat larvae. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/predatory-mite.html
Preventive release (aka preventative release, prophylactic release, inoculative release, preventive biocontrol, sachet release): Releasing beneficial organisms before a pest is found, so a standing population is ready to catch the first arrivals rather than chase an outbreak. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/preventive-release.html
Pythium (aka Pythium root rot, Pythium spp., pythium rot, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium dissotocum, Pythium aphanidermatum): A genus of oomycete water moulds, such as Pythium myriotylum and P. aphanidermatum, that cause brown, slimy root rot, especially in warm hydroponic systems. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pythium.html
Quarantine (aka quarantine room, isolation, clone quarantine, quarantine period): Holding incoming plants, clones or seeds apart from the main grow, under observation and sometimes treatment, until they are shown to be free of pests and disease. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/quarantine.html
Root aphid (aka root aphids, rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, RRA): Aphids that colonise roots and the crown below the medium surface, on cannabis chiefly the rice root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale), causing slow, unexplained decline. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-aphid.html
Root rot (aka root disease, brown roots, rotting roots, crown rot, root and crown rot): Decay of roots by pathogens such as Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia or Phytophthora, usually triggered by low oxygen, heat and waterlogging around the roots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-rot.html
Sanitation (aka hygiene, grow room hygiene, room sanitation, tool sterilisation, tool sterilization, disinfection): Cleaning and disinfecting rooms, tools, containers, irrigation and people's clothing so that pests and pathogens are not carried from plant to plant or crop to crop. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sanitation.html
Scale insect (aka scale, scales, soft scale, armoured scale, armored scale, Coccoidea, brown soft scale): Sap-sucking insects of the superfamily Coccoidea that settle on stems and leaves under a protective waxy or hard cover; rare on cannabis and usually introduced on other plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/scale-insect.html
Scouting (aka pest scouting, crop scouting, monitoring, pest monitoring, plant inspection): Systematic, regular inspection of plants, traps and roots to detect pests and disease early, identify them correctly and record numbers for decisions. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/scouting.html
Septoria leaf spot (aka septoria, Septoria cannabis, yellow leaf spot, white leaf spot, Septoria blight): A fungal leaf disease caused by Septoria cannabis that produces tan to grey spots with dark margins and yellow halos, starting on lower leaves. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/septoria-leaf-spot.html
Sex ratio (aka female ratio, proportion of females): The share of offspring that are female; because only females lay eggs, a female-biased ratio speeds population growth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sex-ratio.html
Shore fly (aka shore flies, Scatella, Scatella stagnalis, Ephydridae): Stocky dark flies of the genus Scatella (family Ephydridae) that breed in algae on wet surfaces; mostly a nuisance and contamination issue rather than a root feeder. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/shore-fly.html
Slugs and snails (aka slugs, snails, slug, snail, Deroceras reticulatum, grey field slug, gray field slug): Molluscs such as the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) that rasp ragged holes in seedlings and low leaves at night, leaving silvery slime trails. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/slugs-and-snails.html
Sooty mould (aka sooty mold, black mould on leaves, black mold on leaves): A black, soot-like fungal film that grows on the honeydew left by sap-feeding insects; it does not infect the plant but blocks light and signals an aphid, whitefly, mealybug or scale problem. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sooty-mould.html
Steinernema feltiae (aka beneficial nematodes, entomopathogenic nematodes, EPN, S. feltiae, nematodes): An entomopathogenic nematode applied as a soil drench whose infective juveniles enter fungus gnat larvae and thrips pupae and kill them with symbiotic bacteria. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/steinernema-feltiae.html
Sticky trap (aka sticky traps, sticky card, sticky cards, yellow sticky trap, blue sticky trap, glue trap): A coloured card coated in non-drying glue that catches flying insects, used mainly to monitor pest trends: yellow for gnats, whiteflies and aphids, blue for thrips. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sticky-trap.html
Stippling (aka stipples, leaf stippling, speckled leaves, pin-prick spots): A pattern of many tiny pale dots on leaves where a sucking pest such as a spider mite has emptied individual cells; the first visible sign of a mite infestation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stippling.html
Stratiolaelaps scimitus (aka Hypoaspis, Hypoaspis miles, Stratiolaelaps, soil predatory mite, S. scimitus): A soil-dwelling predatory mite, formerly sold as Hypoaspis miles, that hunts fungus gnat larvae, thrips pupae and other small arthropods in the growing medium. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stratiolaelaps-scimitus.html
Sulfur burner (aka sulphur burner, sulfur vaporizer, sulphur vaporiser, sulfur evaporator, vaporised sulfur, elemental sulfur): A heated vessel that vaporises elemental sulfur to suppress powdery mildew and mites in veg rooms; it carries fire, gas and timing risks and is never used in flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sulfur-burner.html
Tarsonemid mite (aka tarsonemid, tarsonemid mites, Tarsonemidae, thread-footed mite): The thread-footed mite family that includes broad mites and cyclamen mites; tiny pests of growing tips, best seen at 40x or more. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tarsonemid-mite.html
Thrips (aka thrip, western flower thrips, WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci): Slender insects about 1-2 mm long, chiefly western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), that rasp leaf surfaces, leaving silvery streaks dotted with black frass. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thrips.html
Two-spotted spider mite (aka spider mite, spider mites, twospotted spider mite, TSSM, red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, mites): Tetranychus urticae, the commonest cannabis mite indoors: a 0.5 mm sap-feeder that stipples leaves pale and spins webbing, breeding fastest in hot, dry rooms. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/two-spotted-spider-mite.html
Viroid (aka viroids, Pospiviroidae, infectious RNA): The smallest known plant pathogen: a short circular RNA, usually 246-401 nucleotides, with no protein coat and no protein-coding genes, copied by the host's own enzymes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/viroid.html
White mould (aka white mold, Sclerotinia, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, hemp canker, stem canker, sclerotinia stem rot): A fungal disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that girdles stems with cottony white growth and hard black sclerotia, killing branches above the lesion. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/white-mould.html
Whitefly (aka whiteflies, white fly, greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, silverleaf whitefly, sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci): Small white-winged sap-sucking insects of the family Aleyrodidae, mainly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci, that fly up when disturbed and coat leaves in honeydew. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/whitefly.html

## Harvest, drying and curing

60/60 rule (aka 60-60 rule, 60 60 rule, 60/60, sixty sixty, 60F 60% rule): A drying rule of thumb: dry cannabis at about 60 °F (15.5 °C) and 60% relative humidity so buds dry slowly over roughly 10-14 days. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/60-60-rule.html
Bucking (aka bucked, de-stemming, destemming, bucking buds, debudding): Removing buds from their branches and stems, either before drying (wet bucking) or after (dry bucking), ready for trimming or jarring. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bucking.html
Bud rot check (aka mold check, mould check, checking for bud rot, checking for mold, rot check, botrytis check): Routine inspection of dense colas in late flower, at harvest and during drying and curing for signs of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and other rots. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bud-rot-check.html
Burping (aka burp, burping jars, burp the jars, jar burping, airing jars): Briefly opening sealed curing jars to release moist air and let fresh air in, so moisture keeps declining slowly during the cure. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/burping.html
Case hardening (aka case hardened, case-hardened buds, crispy outside wet inside, outer dry inner wet): A drying fault where a bud's surface dries too fast and seals, leaving the core wet; buds feel dry, then rehydrate and risk mould in the jar. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/case-hardening.html
Curing (aka cure, the cure, jar curing, curing cannabis, cured, long cure): Holding dried cannabis in sealed containers so its moisture declines slowly and evenly over weeks, improving smoothness and aroma. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/curing.html
Curing jar (aka cure jar, curing jars, mason jar, glass jar, jarring, jarred): An airtight container, usually wide-mouth glass, used to cure and store dried cannabis; ideally filled about three-quarters and kept dark and cool. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/curing-jar.html
Darkness before harvest (aka dark period before harvest, 48 hours of darkness, 72 hours dark, pre-harvest darkness, dark treatment, lights off before harvest, 24-72 hours darkness): The practice of keeping plants in total darkness for 24-72 hours before cutting to boost resin; GenetixBay rates it a Myth and runs a standing challenge against it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/darkness-before-harvest.html
Dry trim (aka dry trimming, trimming dry, dry-trimmed, trim after drying, brush trim): Trimming sugar leaves after buds have dried, leaving the leaves on during the dry to slow it and protect the bud. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dry-trim.html
Dry weight (aka dried weight, final dry weight, cured weight, dry bud weight, dry mass): The weight of cannabis after drying (and usually trimming), the basis growers use for yield; it is typically about 20-25% of trimmed wet weight. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dry-weight.html
Drying room (aka dry room, drying space, drying tent, dry tent, drying area): A dark, ventilated space where freshly harvested cannabis is dried under controlled temperature, humidity and gentle airflow, usually for 7-14 days. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/drying-room.html
Equilibrium relative humidity (aka ERH, equilibrium RH, equilibrated RH, jar RH, sealed-jar RH): The relative humidity of the air in a sealed container once it has stopped exchanging moisture with the material inside; ERH / 100 equals the material's water activity. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/equilibrium-relative-humidity.html
Flushing (aka flush, pre-harvest flush, preharvest flush, flushing before harvest, final flush, plain water flush, flushed): Feeding only plain water for days or weeks before harvest to "clean" the plant; GenetixBay rates it a Myth that harms yield, unlike a root-zone salt flush. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/flushing.html
Freeze drying (aka freeze-dried, freeze dried cannabis, lyophilisation, lyophilization, freeze dryer): Drying fresh cannabis by freezing it and then removing ice under vacuum (sublimation) in hours or days; GenetixBay labels it Contested and does not recommend it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/freeze-drying.html
Hang dry (aka hang drying, hanging to dry, branch hang, hanging buds, drying line): Drying harvested cannabis by hanging branches upside down in a dark, controlled room so buds dry slowly with even airflow around them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hang-dry.html
Harvest window (aka harvest time, harvest timing, when to harvest, ripeness window, harvest point): The span of days, often one to two weeks, in which a cannabis plant is ripe enough to cut, judged mainly by trichome head colour and bud development. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/harvest-window.html
Hay smell (aka smells like hay, grassy smell, hay-like smell, smells like cut grass, green smell): A grassy, hay-like aroma in dried cannabis caused by drying too fast, over-drying or bacterial activity; in GenetixBay's view it never fully cures out. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hay-smell.html
Humidity pack (aka humidity packs, two-way humidity pack, two-way humidity control, humidity sachet, 62% pack, 58% pack, humidity control pack): A salt-solution sachet sold to hold a sealed container at a fixed relative humidity; GenetixBay regards them as a marketing gimmick that robs terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/humidity-pack.html
Jeweler's loupe (aka jewellers loupe, jeweller's loupe, loupe, jewelers loupe, pocket microscope, trichome scope): A small handheld magnifier, typically 30-60x for cannabis use, used to inspect trichome heads and spot pests and male flowers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/jewelers-loupe.html
Long-term storage (aka cannabis storage, storing cannabis, stash storage, storing buds, long term storage): Keeping cured cannabis for months or years with minimal loss, by holding it cool, dark, airtight and at a stable water activity of about 0.55-0.65. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/long-term-storage.html
Moisture content (aka MC, water content, moisture percentage, % moisture, moisture level): The amount of water in a material as a percentage of its weight; cured cannabis flower usually sits around 10-12% w/w, though measurement method matters. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/moisture-content.html
Nitrogen taper (aka N taper, tapering nitrogen, taper nitrogen, late-flower nitrogen reduction, nitrogen ramp-down, N ramp down): Gradually cutting nitrogen in late flower, toward zero near the finish, while still feeding phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients; GenetixBay's alternative to flushing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nitrogen-taper.html
Over-drying (aka overdried, over dried, too dry, bone dry, crispy buds, overdrying): Drying cannabis below the target water activity (under about 0.55), leaving buds brittle and harsh, with lost terpenes; rehydrating does not restore them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/over-drying.html
Root-zone flush (aka root zone flush, salt flush, medium flush, leach, flush the medium, salt build-up flush, reset flush): Running a large volume of low-EC water or mild solution through the medium to wash out accumulated salts; it treats the medium, not the plant, and suits any stage. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/root-zone-flush.html
Stem snap test (aka stem snap, snap test, snap the stem, stem bend test, small stem snap): A drying check: when small stems snap cleanly rather than bend, buds are usually dry enough to trim or jar for curing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stem-snap-test.html
Sweat (aka sweating, jar sweat, buds sweating, sweat in the jar, re-sweat): Moisture moving from the inside of dried buds to their surface after jarring, making them feel damp again; normal early in a cure but a warning if excessive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sweat.html
Terpene loss (aka terp loss, losing terpenes, terpene evaporation, terpene degradation, aroma loss): The loss of volatile aroma compounds from cannabis through evaporation, oxidation and handling, fastest for monoterpenes and worst in warm, fast drying and poor storage. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpene-loss.html
Trichome ripeness (aka trichome colour, trichome color, clear cloudy amber, milky trichomes, amber trichomes, cloudy trichomes, clear trichomes): The maturity of glandular trichome heads, read by colour under magnification: clear (immature), cloudy or milky (mature), then amber (ageing). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/trichome-ripeness.html
Water activity (aka aw, a_w, a w, water activity (aw)): A 0-1 measure of how freely available the water in a material is; for dried cannabis flower the accepted range is about 0.55-0.65 aw. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/water-activity.html
Water curing (aka water cure, water-cured, water curing cannabis, soak curing): Submerging harvested buds in water, changed daily for about a week, to leach out water-soluble compounds before drying; GenetixBay labels it Contested and does not recommend it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/water-curing.html
Wet trim (aka wet trimming, trimming wet, fresh trim, green trim, wet-trimmed): Trimming sugar leaves from buds immediately after harvest, while the plant is still fresh, before drying. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wet-trim.html
Wet weight (aka fresh weight, wet weight at harvest, green weight, fresh mass, wet yield): The weight of cannabis freshly cut, before drying; buds typically lose about 70-80% of it, so dry weight is roughly a quarter of wet. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wet-weight.html
Whole-plant hang (aka whole plant hang, whole plant drying, hang the whole plant, full plant hang, whole-plant dry): Drying an entire harvested plant upside down, uncut except at the base, so the large stem mass slows the dry. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/whole-plant-hang.html

## Processing

Badder (aka batter, cake batter, badder concentrate, whipped badder): Badder is a soft, cake-batter-textured concentrate formed by whipping an extract so its cannabinoids crystallise finely; it can be solvent-based or, as rosin badder, solventless. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/badder.html
Bubble hash (aka ice water hash, ice hash, water hash, ice-water hash, IWH, ice water extraction): Bubble hash, or ice water hash, is a solventless concentrate made by separating trichome heads from cannabis in cold water and collecting them on graded mesh bags. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bubble-hash.html
Charas (aka hand-rubbed hash, hand rubbed hash, finger hash, rubbed hash, Himalayan charas): Charas is hashish made by rubbing the resin off living cannabis flowers by hand and rolling it into balls or sticks, a traditional method of the Himalayan regions. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/charas.html
Concentrate (aka concentrates, cannabis concentrate, cannabis extract, extracts, extract): A concentrate is any cannabis product in which the trichome resin has been separated from plant material, giving far higher cannabinoid and terpene content than flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/concentrate.html
Cured resin (aka cured extract, cured BHO, cured-resin, dried-material extract): Cured resin is a solvent-based extract made from dried and cured cannabis rather than fresh frozen material, typically with a more aged, less bright aroma than live resin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cured-resin.html
Diamonds (aka THCA diamonds, THC diamonds, THCA crystals, diamonds and sauce, crystalline THCA): Diamonds are large crystals of THCA, typically grown out of a solvent extract and sold alone or in terpene-rich sauce; they are nearly pure THCA. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/diamonds.html
Distillate (aka THC distillate, cannabis distillate, distilled oil, distillate oil): Distillate is a highly refined cannabis oil in which cannabinoids, usually THC or CBD, have been separated from most other compounds by distillation, leaving a clear, almost odourless oil. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/distillate.html
Edible (aka edibles, cannabis edible, cannabis edibles, infused food, infused edibles, gummies): An edible is a food or drink containing cannabinoids from an infused fat, tincture or concentrate; effects are reported to start later and last longer than inhaled cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/edible.html
Fresh frozen (aka fresh-frozen, FF, fresh frozen material, frozen whole plant, FFWP, fresh frozen flower): Fresh frozen is cannabis frozen immediately after harvest without drying or curing, used as starting material for live resin and live rosin to keep more volatile aroma. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fresh-frozen.html
Full melt (aka full-melt, full melt hash, FMH, six-star hash, 6-star): Full melt is the highest grade of solventless hash, so pure in trichome heads that it melts almost completely with little or no residue when heated. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/full-melt.html
Hash (aka hash concentrate, trichome concentrate, resin concentrate, hasj, hashes): Hash is any concentrate made by separating trichome heads from cannabis and collecting or pressing them, from dry sift and ice water hash to hand-rubbed charas. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hash.html
Hash rosin (aka flower rosin vs hash rosin, flower rosin, bubble hash rosin, ice water hash rosin, hash-rosin): Hash rosin is rosin pressed from hash, usually ice water hash, rather than from flower; it is cleaner and typically higher in quality than flower rosin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hash-rosin.html
Hashish (aka haschisch, haschich, traditional hashish, traditional hash, hachís): Hashish is the traditional pressed resin concentrate of cannabis, made for centuries by sieving or rubbing trichome heads from plants and compressing them into blocks or balls. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hashish.html
Isolate (aka CBD isolate, THCA isolate, cannabinoid isolate, crystalline isolate, crystalline, 99% isolate): An isolate is a concentrate refined to one cannabinoid at very high purity, often 99% or more, usually a white crystalline powder such as CBD or THCA isolate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/isolate.html
Kief (aka dry sift, keef, kif, dry-sift, crystals (kief)): Kief is the loose, powdery collection of trichome heads that falls or is sifted off dried cannabis through fine screens; it is the simplest solventless concentrate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/kief.html
Live resin (aka live extract, live hydrocarbon extract, live BHO, live-resin): Live resin is a solvent-based cannabis extract made from fresh frozen plant material instead of dried and cured flower, to retain more volatile aroma compounds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/live-resin.html
Live rosin (aka live hash rosin, LHR, fresh frozen rosin, live-rosin): Live rosin is rosin pressed from ice water hash made from fresh frozen plants, preserving more of the volatile aroma of the living plant; it is solventless. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/live-rosin.html
Micron bags (aka bubble bags, wash bags, hash bags, ice water bags, micron screens, filter bags): Micron bags are fine-mesh filter bags graded by opening size in microns, used to separate and size trichome heads in ice water hash making and to filter rosin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/micron-bags.html
Pressed hash (aka pressed hashish, compressed hash, press hash, hash slab, slab hash, pressed kief): Pressed hash is loose trichome resin, such as kief or ice water hash, compressed into a solid cake or slab so it holds together and keeps better. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pressed-hash.html
Rosin (aka cannabis rosin, rosin oil, pressed rosin, rosin extract, rosin dab): Rosin is a solventless concentrate: resin squeezed out of flower, kief or hash using heat and pressure, then collected as an oil free of plant material. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/rosin.html
Sauce (aka terp sauce, terpene sauce, HTFSE, high-terpene full-spectrum extract, HTE, high terpene extract): Sauce is a runny, terpene-rich cannabis concentrate, usually the liquid fraction that separates when THCA crystallises out of an extract, often sold with diamonds. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sauce.html
Shatter (aka pull and snap, snap and pull, shatter BHO, amber glass): Shatter is a glassy, translucent solvent-based concentrate that snaps when cold, formed when an extract stays in a stable, non-crystallised state. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/shatter.html
Solvent-based extract (aka solvent extract, BHO, PHO, hydrocarbon extract, CO2 oil, CO2 extract, ethanol extract): A solvent-based extract is a cannabis concentrate made by dissolving cannabinoids and terpenes out of plant material with a solvent such as butane, propane, ethanol or CO2. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/solvent-based-extract.html
Solventless (aka solventless concentrate, solventless extract, solvent-free, mechanical separation, non-solvent): Solventless describes cannabis concentrates made only by mechanical or physical separation, using screens, ice water, heat or pressure, without chemical solvents. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/solventless.html
Sugar trim (aka sugar trim leaves, resin leaves, frosty trim, sugar-leaf trim): Sugar trim is the small, resin-frosted leaves that grow from within cannabis buds, trimmed off during manicuring and prized as starting material for hash and rosin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sugar-trim.html
Temple ball (aka temple balls, Nepalese temple ball, temple-ball hash, hash ball): A temple ball is hash worked by hand into a dense ball and cured over time, a traditional Himalayan style associated with a glossy surface and soft interior. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/temple-ball.html
Tincture (aka tinctures, cannabis tincture, alcohol tincture, glycerin tincture, tincture drops): A tincture is a liquid cannabis preparation in which cannabinoids are dissolved in alcohol, glycerin or oil, usually taken by dropper. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tincture.html
Trichome heads (aka gland heads, trichome head, capitate heads, trichome gland heads): Trichome heads are the bulbous resin-filled tops of capitate glandular trichomes, where cannabis makes and stores nearly all its cannabinoids and terpenes; they are the raw material of hash. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/trichome-heads.html
Trim (aka trimmings, trim material, shake and trim, leaf trim, fan trim): Trim is the leaf material cut away from buds after harvest, especially the small resin-coated sugar leaves, often saved for making kief, hash or other concentrates. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/trim.html
Wax (aka budder, crumble, honeycomb, cannabis wax, wax concentrate): Wax is an opaque, soft-to-crumbly solvent-based concentrate whose texture comes from cannabinoids partly crystallising; budder and crumble are its creamy and dry variants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wax.html

## Cannabinoids and terpenes

Acid vs neutral cannabinoids (aka acidic cannabinoids, neutral cannabinoids, acid cannabinoids, carboxylated cannabinoids, decarboxylated cannabinoids, acid forms): Acid cannabinoids (THCA, CBDA, CBGA) are the carboxylated forms the plant makes; neutral cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBG) form when heat or time removes the carboxyl group. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/acid-vs-neutral-cannabinoids.html
Alpha-pinene (aka α-pinene, a-pinene, pinene, alpha pinene): Alpha-pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene with a sharp pine-resin aroma, the main terpene of conifer needles and a common, usually secondary, terpene in cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/alpha-pinene.html
Beta-caryophyllene (aka β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene, BCP, trans-caryophyllene, carophyllene): Beta-caryophyllene is a spicy, peppery sesquiterpene common in cannabis, notable as a dietary terpene that also binds the CB2 receptor in laboratory studies. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beta-caryophyllene.html
Beta-pinene (aka β-pinene, b-pinene, beta pinene, nopinene): Beta-pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene and isomer of alpha-pinene with a green, woody, herbal aroma, common in cannabis at low levels. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beta-pinene.html
Bisabolol (aka alpha-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, levomenol, bisabolol oxide): Bisabolol (alpha-bisabolol) is a mild, floral, chamomile-like sesquiterpene alcohol found as a minor terpene in some cannabis cultivars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bisabolol.html
Cannabinoid (aka cannabinoids, cannabanoid, cannabinoid compounds): A cannabinoid is any compound that binds the body's cannabinoid receptors or shares the typical cannabis terpenophenolic structure; the plant-made ones are phytocannabinoids such as THCA and CBDA. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cannabinoid.html
Cannflavin (aka cannflavins, cannflavin A, cannflavin B, cannflavin C): Cannflavins are prenylated flavones (A, B and C) that are characteristic of cannabis, first isolated in 1985 and found mainly in leaves and bracts at low levels. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cannflavin.html
Caryophyllene oxide (aka beta-caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene oxide, caryophyllene epoxide, BCPO): Caryophyllene oxide is the oxidation product of beta-caryophyllene, a less aromatic sesquiterpene epoxide that tends to increase as cannabis ages in air. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/caryophyllene-oxide.html
CBC (aka cannabichromene, neutral CBC): CBC (cannabichromene) is a minor neutral cannabinoid formed when CBCA decarboxylates; it is usually present at well under 1% w/w in mature drug-type flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbc.html
CBCA (aka CBC-A, cannabichromenic acid): CBCA (cannabichromenic acid) is the acid cannabinoid that CBCA synthase makes from CBGA; it decarboxylates to CBC and is usually a minor component of the profile. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbca.html
CBD (aka cannabidiol, C.B.D., neutral CBD): CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-intoxicating neutral cannabinoid formed when CBDA decarboxylates; hemp-type and CBD-dominant cannabis make it mainly as CBDA in their trichomes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbd.html
CBDA (aka CBD-A, cannabidiolic acid): CBDA (cannabidiolic acid) is the acid cannabinoid made by CBDA synthase from CBGA; it dominates hemp-type and CBD-type cannabis and decarboxylates to CBD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbda.html
CBDA synthase (aka CBDAS, CBDA synthase gene, cannabidiolic acid synthase, CBD synthase): CBDA synthase is the trichome enzyme that converts CBGA into CBDA; it competes with THCA synthase, and its alleles largely decide whether a plant is CBD-dominant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbda-synthase.html
CBG (aka cannabigerol, neutral CBG): CBG (cannabigerol) is the neutral, decarboxylated form of CBGA, the cannabinoid precursor; most plants convert nearly all of it onward, but some cultivars are bred to accumulate it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbg.html
CBGA (aka CBG-A, cannabigerolic acid, mother cannabinoid, precursor cannabinoid): CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) is the precursor cannabinoid that the plant converts into THCA, CBDA or CBCA, formed by joining olivetolic acid to geranyl pyrophosphate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbga.html
CBL (aka cannabicyclol, CBLA, cannabicyclolic acid): CBL (cannabicyclol) is a minor cannabinoid formed when CBC is exposed to light; it is a degradation product rather than something the plant makes by enzyme. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbl.html
CBN (aka cannabinol, CBNA, cannabinolic acid): CBN (cannabinol) is a cannabinoid formed mainly when THC or THCA oxidises after harvest, so high CBN readings usually signal age, heat, light or air exposure, not plant ripeness. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cbn.html
Chemotype ratio (aka THC:CBD ratio, THC to CBD ratio, cannabinoid ratio, chemotype I II III, type I/II/III, CBD:THC ratio): The chemotype ratio is the balance of a plant's main cannabinoids, usually THC to CBD, classing plants as type I (THC-dominant), II (mixed), III (CBD-dominant), IV (CBG) or V (near-zero). https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chemotype-ratio.html
Decarboxylation (aka decarb, decarbing, decarboxylate, decarboxylated, decarbed): Decarboxylation is the loss of a carboxyl group as CO2 that turns acid cannabinoids such as THCA and CBDA into neutral THC and CBD, quickly with heat, slowly with time. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/decarboxylation.html
Delta-8 THC (aka Δ8-THC, delta 8, d8, delta-8, delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol): Delta-8 THC is an isomer of THC with the double bond shifted one position; the plant makes only traces, so commercial delta-8 is semi-synthetic, usually converted from CBD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/delta-8-thc.html
Entourage effect (aka entourage, ensemble effect, whole-plant synergy, full-spectrum effect, cannabis synergy): The entourage effect is the hypothesis that cannabis compounds, especially cannabinoids and terpenes together, produce effects different from any single compound; human evidence remains contested. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/entourage-effect.html
Eucalyptol (aka 1,8-cineole, cineole, cineol, 1,8-cineol, eucalyptole): Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) is a monoterpenoid ether with a cool, minty, camphor-like smell, the main compound in eucalyptus oil and a minor terpene in cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/eucalyptol.html
Flavonoid (aka flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, plant flavonoids): Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant compounds, including flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins, that colour and protect plant tissue; cannabis contains common ones plus cannabis-specific cannflavins. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/flavonoid.html
Geraniol (aka geranyl alcohol, trans-geraniol, lemonol): Geraniol is a rosy, floral monoterpene alcohol made from geranyl pyrophosphate, found in rose and geranium oils and as a minor terpene in cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/geraniol.html
Geranyl pyrophosphate (aka GPP, geranyl diphosphate, GDP (geranyl diphosphate), geranyl-PP): Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) is a ten-carbon terpene precursor that cannabis uses both to build monoterpenes and, joined to olivetolic acid, to make the cannabinoid precursor CBGA. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/geranyl-pyrophosphate.html
Guaiol (aka guaiac alcohol, champacol, guajol): Guaiol is a sesquiterpene alcohol with a woody, piney, slightly rosy smell, named for guaiacum wood and present as a minor terpene in some cannabis cultivars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/guaiol.html
HHC (aka hexahydrocannabinol, hydrogenated THC, HHC-O): HHC (hexahydrocannabinol) is a hydrogenated derivative of THC, found only in traces in the plant; products sold as HHC are semi-synthetic, made by chemically converting other cannabinoids. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hhc.html
Humulene (aka alpha-humulene, α-humulene, alpha-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene): Humulene (alpha-humulene) is a woody, earthy, hop-like sesquiterpene, an isomer of beta-caryophyllene that usually appears alongside it in cannabis profiles. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/humulene.html
Limonene (aka d-limonene, (+)-limonene, limonine, lemonene): Limonene is a monoterpene with a citrus aroma, found in citrus peel and many cannabis cultivars, where it is often among the top three terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/limonene.html
Linalool (aka linalol, linolool, beta-linalool, linalyl alcohol): Linalool is a floral, lavender-scented monoterpene alcohol found in lavender and some cannabis cultivars, usually at low levels below 0.3% w/w. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/linalool.html
Monoterpene (aka monoterpenes, C10 terpene, monoterpenoid, monoterpenoids): A monoterpene is a ten-carbon terpene made from geranyl pyrophosphate, such as myrcene, limonene, pinene or terpinolene; they are the most volatile terpenes and the first lost in drying. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/monoterpene.html
Myrcene (aka beta-myrcene, β-myrcene, mercene, myrcine): Myrcene (beta-myrcene) is a monoterpene with a musky, earthy, ripe-fruit aroma and is the most common dominant terpene in commercial cannabis flower. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/myrcene.html
Nerolidol (aka trans-nerolidol, cis-nerolidol, peruviol, nerolidal): Nerolidol is a woody, floral, slightly citrus sesquiterpene alcohol found in neroli, jasmine and tea, and as a minor terpene in some cannabis cultivars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nerolidol.html
Ocimene (aka beta-ocimene, β-ocimene, trans-ocimene, cis-ocimene, ocimine): Ocimene is a sweet, green, herbal monoterpene, usually reported as beta-ocimene isomers, that often accompanies terpinolene in cannabis profiles. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ocimene.html
Olivetolic acid (aka OA, olivetolate, olivetolic): Olivetolic acid is the phenolic building block of cannabinoids; joined to geranyl pyrophosphate it forms CBGA, and its five-carbon chain becomes the pentyl tail of THC and CBD. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/olivetolic-acid.html
Phytocannabinoid (aka phytocannabinoids, plant cannabinoid, plant cannabinoids): A phytocannabinoid is a cannabinoid made by a plant, chiefly the terpenophenolic compounds cannabis builds in its glandular trichomes, such as THCA, CBDA and CBGA. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/phytocannabinoid.html
Prenylthiol (aka 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol, 3MBT, 321MBT, 3-MBT, prenyl mercaptan, skunk thiol): Prenylthiol (3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol) is the volatile sulfur compound identified as the main source of cannabis's skunky aroma, potent at trace concentrations. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/prenylthiol.html
Sesquiterpene (aka sesquiterpenes, C15 terpene, sesquiterpenoid, sesquiterpenoids): A sesquiterpene is a fifteen-carbon terpene made from farnesyl pyrophosphate, such as beta-caryophyllene, humulene and bisabolol; they are heavier and less volatile than monoterpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sesquiterpene.html
Terpene (aka terpenes, terpines, terpenes (cannabis)): Terpenes are volatile hydrocarbon compounds built from five-carbon isoprene units; in cannabis they are made in the trichome heads and are a major part of aroma and flavour. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpene.html
Terpene profile (aka terpene profiles, aroma profile, terpene fingerprint, terpene breakdown): A terpene profile is the measured mix of terpenes in a sample, reported as each compound's % w/w and the total, used to describe and compare cultivar aroma chemistry. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpene-profile.html
Terpenoid (aka terpenoids, isoprenoid, isoprenoids, oxygenated terpene): A terpenoid is a terpene-derived compound that carries extra functional groups, usually oxygen (alcohols, oxides, ketones), such as linalool, bisabolol or caryophyllene oxide. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpenoid.html
Terpinolene (aka δ-terpinene, delta-terpinene, terpinolene-dominant, terpinoline): Terpinolene is a monoterpene with a fresh, herbal, piney-citrus-floral aroma that dominates a distinctive, less common cannabis chemotype. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpinolene.html
THC (aka delta-9-THC, Δ9-THC, d9, delta 9, tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the neutral, decarboxylated cannabinoid mainly responsible for cannabis's reported intoxicating effects; the living plant makes it almost entirely as THCA. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thc.html
THCA (aka THC-A, THCA-A, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9-THCA, delta-9-THCA): THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) is the acid cannabinoid that drug-type cannabis makes in its trichomes; heat or time decarboxylates it into THC, losing about 12% of its mass. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thca.html
THCA synthase (aka THCAS, THCA synthase gene, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase, THC synthase): THCA synthase is the trichome enzyme that converts CBGA into THCA; which alleles of its gene a plant carries largely decides whether it is THC-dominant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thca-synthase.html
THCV (aka tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-THCV, THC-V, THV): THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) is the propyl-chain (C3) analogue of THC, formed by decarboxylating THCVA; it is a minor cannabinoid in most cultivars but notable in some African-derived lines. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thcv.html
THCVA (aka THCV-A, tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid): THCVA (tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid) is the acid precursor of THCV, made in trichomes from CBGVA when the plant's pathway starts from divarinic acid instead of olivetolic acid. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/thcva.html
Valencene (aka (+)-valencene, valencine, valancene): Valencene is a sweet, citrus, orange-peel sesquiterpene named after Valencia oranges and found as a minor terpene in some cannabis cultivars. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/valencene.html
Volatile sulfur compounds (aka VSCs, VSC, VSCs (cannabis), sulfur volatiles, sulphur volatiles, volatile sulphur compounds, skunk compounds, thiols): Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are trace sulfur-containing aroma molecules, especially prenylated thiols, that give cannabis its skunky, gassy smell at concentrations far below terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/volatile-sulfur-compounds.html

## Lab testing

Batch (aka lot, batch number, lot number, harvest batch, production batch, batch ID): A batch (or lot) is a defined quantity of product from the same plants, harvest and processing run that is sampled and tested as one unit and carries one ID. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/batch.html
COA (aka certificate of analysis, C of A, lab certificate, lab report, test results sheet): A COA (certificate of analysis) is a lab's signed report of what it measured in a specific sample, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, moisture and contaminants, with methods and limits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/coa.html
Dry-weight basis (aka dry weight basis, dry-weight vs as-received, as-received basis, as received, dry basis, DW basis, wet weight basis): Dry-weight basis reports a result per gram of sample with its water removed, while as-received basis reports it per gram as delivered, water included; dry-weight figures are always higher. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dry-weight-basis.html
Gas chromatography (aka GC, GC-FID, GC-MS, gas chromatograph, GC testing): Gas chromatography (GC) separates volatile compounds in a heated gas stream; it is used for terpenes and residual solvents and decarboxylates acid cannabinoids in its hot inlet. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gas-chromatography.html
Heavy metals panel (aka heavy metals test, heavy metal testing, metals panel, ICP-MS, lead arsenic cadmium mercury, heavy metals): A heavy metals panel measures toxic elements, usually lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury, in a cannabis sample, typically by ICP-MS, against regulatory action limits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heavy-metals-panel.html
Homogenisation (sampling) (aka homogenization, sample homogenisation, sample homogenization, sampling, representative sampling, sample prep, composite sample): Homogenisation is grinding and mixing a sample so every portion the lab tests represents the whole; together with representative sampling it often matters more than the instrument. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/homogenisation.html
HPLC (aka high-performance liquid chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, UHPLC, liquid chromatography): HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) separates compounds dissolved in a liquid under pressure; it is the standard cannabis potency method because it measures acid cannabinoids without heating them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hplc.html
ISO/IEC 17025 (aka ISO 17025, ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 17025 accreditation, lab accreditation, accredited lab, ISO accreditation): ISO/IEC 17025 is the international standard for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories; accreditation to it shows a lab's specific methods have been independently assessed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/iso-17025.html
Lab shopping (aka lab-shopping, shopping for labs, potency shopping, lab hopping, testing shopping): Lab shopping is the practice of choosing testing labs because they report higher potency or more passing results, rather than because they are most accurate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lab-shopping.html
Label inflation (aka inflated labels, THC inflation, potency inflation, inflated THC, label accuracy, juiced numbers): Label inflation is the gap between the potency printed on cannabis packaging and what independent testing finds, a documented, mostly upward bias in retail THC claims. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/label-inflation.html
LC-MS (aka LC-MS/MS, LCMS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-QQQ, tandem mass spectrometry): LC-MS couples liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, identifying compounds by mass as well as retention time; it is used for pesticides, mycotoxins and detailed cannabinoid profiling. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lc-ms.html
LOD (aka limit of detection, detection limit, MDL, method detection limit): The LOD (limit of detection) is the lowest amount of a compound a method can reliably tell apart from zero, but not necessarily measure accurately. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/lod.html
LOQ (aka limit of quantitation, limit of quantification, quantitation limit, reporting limit): The LOQ (limit of quantitation) is the lowest concentration a method can measure with acceptable accuracy and precision; below it a result is reported as <LOQ. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/loq.html
Measurement uncertainty (aka uncertainty of measurement, MU, measurement error, ± uncertainty, expanded uncertainty, error bars): Measurement uncertainty is the quantified range around a lab result within which the true value is expected to lie, typically stated as ± a value at about 95% confidence. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/measurement-uncertainty.html
Microbial testing (aka micro testing, microbial panel, TYMC, TAMC, total yeast and mould count, total aerobic microbial count, total yeast and mold count): Microbial testing counts or detects bacteria and fungi in a cannabis sample, including total aerobic count (TAMC), total yeast and mould count (TYMC) and specific pathogens. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/microbial-testing.html
Moisture correction (aka moisture-corrected, moisture adjustment, loss on drying, LOD (loss on drying), moisture content test, moisture analysis): Moisture correction converts a lab result from as-received to dry-weight basis using the sample's measured water content, usually from a loss-on-drying test. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/moisture-correction.html
Mycotoxins (aka mycotoxin, aflatoxins, aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1, mycotoxin panel): Mycotoxins are toxic compounds made by certain moulds, such as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A from Aspergillus and Penicillium species; cannabis labs test for them at parts-per-billion levels. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mycotoxins.html
ND (non-detect) (aka ND, non-detect, not detected, nondetect, N.D., below detection): ND (non-detect) on a COA means the compound was not found at or above the method's limit of detection; it does not mean the amount is zero. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/non-detect.html
Pesticide panel (aka pesticide test, pesticide testing, pesticide screen, pesticide residue test, residue panel): A pesticide panel screens a cannabis sample for a defined list of pesticide residues, typically by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, reporting each against its action limit. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pesticide-panel.html
Potency ceiling (aka THC ceiling, potency limit, max THC flower, 35% limit, flower potency ceiling, how high can THC go): The potency ceiling is the practical upper limit of cannabinoid content in dried flower; GenetixBay holds that flower labelled above about 35% total cannabinoids is not credible. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potency-ceiling.html
Potency testing (aka potency test, cannabinoid testing, cannabinoid profile test, THC test, potency analysis, cannabinoid potency): Potency testing is laboratory measurement of a sample's cannabinoid content, normally by HPLC, reported as % w/w or mg/g for each cannabinoid plus calculated totals. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/potency-testing.html
Proficiency testing (aka PT, proficiency test, PT scheme, interlaboratory comparison, round-robin testing, ring test): Proficiency testing sends identical blind samples to many labs and compares their results with an assigned value, checking each lab's accuracy against its peers. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/proficiency-testing.html
Residual solvents (aka residual solvent test, residual solvents test, solvent residue, residual solvent panel, RS test): A residual solvents test measures leftover solvents such as butane, propane, ethanol or hexane in an extract, usually by headspace GC, against safety limits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/residual-solvents.html
Terpene test (aka terpene testing, terpene analysis, terpene panel, terp test, total terpenes test): A terpene test measures the individual terpenes and total terpene content of a sample, usually by GC-FID or GC-MS, reported in % w/w or mg/g. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terpene-test.html
Total cannabinoids (aka total cannabinoid content, TC, sum of cannabinoids, total actives, total cannabinoid %): Total cannabinoids is the sum of all cannabinoids a lab measured in a sample, usually reported in % w/w, with acid forms either summed raw or decarboxylation-adjusted. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/total-cannabinoids.html
Total CBD (aka total CBD calculation, CBD total, max CBD, CBDmax, total potential CBD): Total CBD is a calculated figure, CBD plus 0.877 × CBDA, estimating the maximum CBD a sample could yield after full decarboxylation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/total-cbd.html
Total THC (aka total THC calculation, THC total, max THC, THCmax, total potential THC, 0.877): Total THC is a calculated figure, Δ9-THC plus 0.877 × THCA, estimating the maximum THC a sample could yield after full decarboxylation. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/total-thc.html
Water activity test (aka aw test, water activity testing, aw measurement, water activity meter, a_w test): A water activity test measures how much of a sample's water is free to support microbial growth, reported as aw from 0 to 1, with cured flower targeted around 0.55-0.65. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/water-activity-test.html

## Grower slang and culture

420 (aka 4/20, four-twenty, 4:20, April 20, 420 friendly): 420 is cannabis culture shorthand for cannabis itself and for April 20, celebrated as an unofficial cannabis day. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/420.html
Bag appeal (aka bag-appeal, jar appeal, eye appeal, looks): Bag appeal is how good flower looks in the bag or jar, frost, colour, density and trim, which sells cannabis but does not measure its quality. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bag-appeal.html
Bagseed (aka bag seed, bag seeds, bagseeds, mystery seed): Bagseed is a seed found in purchased flower, of unknown parentage and often the product of accidental pollination, including by intersex plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bagseed.html
Beans (aka bean, seeds (slang), pop beans, popping beans): Beans is slang for cannabis seeds; "popping beans" means germinating them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/beans.html
Breeder (aka breeders, plant breeder, cannabis breeder, seed breeder): A breeder develops lines over generations with clear goals, large grow-outs, selection of both sexes, stability and herm testing, and honest lineage records. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/breeder.html
Brick weed (aka brick, brickweed, compressed, compressed weed, brick schwag, pressed weed): Brick weed is seeded, lower-grade cannabis pressed into dense blocks for smuggling and cheap sale, historically the bulk of imported cannabis. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/brick-weed.html
Budtender (aka budtenders, bud tender, dispensary staff, cannabis retail staff): A budtender is a retail worker in a cannabis store who helps customers choose products; training and product knowledge vary widely. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/budtender.html
Candy terps (aka candy, candy strains, dessert terps, dessert strains, fruity terps, gas and candy): Candy terps is slang for the sweet, fruity, dessert-like aroma profile fashionable in modern cannabis, often paired with gas as the dominant market trend. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/candy-terps.html
Chop (aka chop day, chopped, chopping, the chop, harvest day): Chop is grower slang for harvesting, cutting down plants at the end of flower; "chop day" is harvest day. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chop.html
Chuck (aka chucking, chucked, chuck pollen, chuck a cross): To chuck is to pollinate plants loosely, usually an open or one-off cross, often implying little selection or record keeping. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/chuck.html
Connoisseur (aka connoisseurs, connoisseur grade, cannasseur, head): A cannabis connoisseur judges flower and hash on aroma, flavour, cure, smoke and genetics history rather than THC percentage or looks. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/connoisseur.html
Cross (aka crosses, crossed, x (as in A x B), crossing): A cross is the offspring of mating two different plants, written female x male, as "A x B"; one cross starts a line but is not one. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cross.html
Cut (aka cuts, a cut, the cut, cutting (slang)): A cut is slang for a clone of one specific plant, used to mean that individual genotype, as in "the original cut". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cut.html
Cut trading (aka trading cuts, clone trading, cut trade, clone swap): Cut trading is growers exchanging clones of selected plants with each other, a traditional way rare genetics spread and are kept alive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cut-trading.html
Dank (aka danky, dankness, the dank, dank weed): Dank is slang for strong-smelling, high-quality flower; originally it meant damp and musty, which in real cannabis is a warning sign. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dank.html
Dialled in (aka dialed in, dialled-in, dialed-in, dial in, dialling in): Dialled in describes a grow, room or recipe tuned until results are consistent and near the plant's potential, run after run. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/dialled-in.html
Drop (aka seed drop, drops, new drop, limited drop): A drop is a seed or clone release, often limited and announced in advance, especially from popular breeders or seed vendors. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/drop.html
Eighth (aka 8th, an eighth, eighths, 3.5, 3.5 g): An eighth is one-eighth of an ounce of cannabis, sold as 3.5 grams; it is the standard retail unit for flower in North America. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/eighth.html
Elbow (aka pound, lb, elbows, a pound): Elbow is slang for a pound of cannabis, 16 ounces or about 454 grams, from the spoken abbreviation "L-B". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/elbow.html
Elite cut (aka elite cuts, elite clone, elite clone-only, clone-only elite, elite): An elite cut is a famous, proven clone-only plant, often held by a few growers and traded rather than sold openly. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/elite-cut.html
Exotic (aka exotics, exotic strain, exotic flower, exotic genetics): Exotic is retail slang for fashionable, high-priced cultivars with unusual flavours or colours; it describes marketing, not origin or proven genetics. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/exotic.html
Fems (aka femmed seed, fem seeds, femmies, fem, femmed): Fems is slang for feminised seed, made with pollen from a chemically sex-reversed female so nearly every plant grows female. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fems.html
Fire (aka fire weed, straight fire, flames, heat): Fire is slang for excellent cannabis; it is enthusiasm, not a description of any measurable trait. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/fire.html
Frosty (aka frost, frosted, frosty buds, caked, covered): Frosty describes flower densely covered in glandular trichomes, so it looks sugared or snow-dusted; it signals resin coverage, not exact potency. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/frosty.html
Gas (aka gassy, gas terps, fuel, fuely, diesel funk): Gas is slang for a sharp fuel, diesel or solvent-like aroma in cannabis, and by extension for any flower people rate highly. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gas.html
Gram (aka g, grams, a g, gs): A gram (g) is the base metric unit for weighing cannabis flower and concentrates; 28 g make a retail ounce and 3.5 g an eighth. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gram.html
Grow journal (aka grow diary, grow log, grow journals, grow diaries, journal): A grow journal is a dated record of a grow, with photos, environment, feeding, problems and results, used to learn, share and prove what happened. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/grow-journal.html
Haze (aka hazes, haze strains, hazy, haze family): Haze is a generic name for a family of long-flowering, narrow-leaflet hybrids built from tropical landrace material, known for sharp, spicy, incense-like aroma. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/haze.html
Heady (aka heady glass, heady culture, heady weed, heady shit, heady scene): Heady is slang for things made with exceptional craft and care, from hand-blown glass to small-batch flower; it signals artisan quality and insider culture. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/heady.html
Herm-prone (aka herm prone, hermy, hermie-prone, herm tendency, herm-y): Herm-prone describes a line whose plants often produce intersex flowers; GenetixBay treats this as a breeding fault and a reason not to breed from it. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/herm-prone.html
Hype strain (aka hype strains, hyped strain, flavour of the month, fotm strain, hype cut): A hype strain is a cultivar name in heavy demand because of marketing or social media, regardless of how stable or distinctive the genetics are. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hype-strain.html
Keeper (aka keepers, keeper pheno, keeper plant, keeper cut): A keeper is a plant from a seed hunt good enough to be kept alive as a clone or mother for future runs or breeding. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/keeper.html
Kush (aka kushes, Hindu Kush, kush strains, kushy): Kush is a generic name for cannabis tied to landrace material from the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan and Pakistan, and now for its many hybrid descendants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/kush.html
Landrace hunter (aka landrace hunting, landrace hunters, seed hunter, genetics hunter): A landrace hunter travels to cannabis-growing regions to collect seed from local farmer populations, ideally with consent, credit and benefit-sharing for source communities. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/landrace-hunter.html
Larf (aka larfy, larf buds, lurf, fluff): Larf is small, airy, underdeveloped buds from the lower, shaded parts of a plant, usually low in density and weight. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/larf.html
Line (aka lines, seed line, genetic line, breeding line): A line is a population of plants descended from chosen parents and maintained over generations under one name, with recorded lineage. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/line.html
Loud (aka loud pack, loudpack, so loud, loud weed): Loud is slang for flower with a very strong, room-filling aroma, often implying high quality. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/loud.html
Marijuana (aka marihuana, weed, pot, ganja, herb, grass): Marijuana is a common name for drug-type cannabis flower; the word entered US English from Mexican Spanish and became the standard term in 20th-century law. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/marijuana.html
Mids (aka mid, mid-grade, middies, midgrade, mid weed): Mids is slang for middle-grade flower: not bad, not great, priced between budget and top-shelf, and often used as a put-down. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mids.html
Mom (aka moms, mum, momma, mommy plant): Mom is grower slang for a plant kept in vegetative growth only to supply clones, as in "I keep a mom of every keeper". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mom.html
Nanners (aka bananas, nanner, banana, late-flower bananas): Nanners (bananas) are exposed, banana-shaped anthers on a female flower: a hermaphrodite trait, not a normal part of late flowering, and a reason to cull. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nanners.html
Nugs (aka nug, nuggets, buds, nuggs): Nugs is slang for whole, trimmed buds of dried cannabis flower, as opposed to shake or trim. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nugs.html
OG (aka OGs, OG Kush family, O.G.): OG is a cannabis family name tied to a group of influential clone-only cultivars from the 1990s, and general slang for "original" or long-established. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/og.html
Ounce (aka oz, zip, an O, onion, zips): An ounce of cannabis is 28.35 grams, rounded to 28 g in retail; slang includes zip, O and onion. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/ounce.html
Pheno (aka phenos, the #4 pheno, pheno #, keeper pheno number): In grower slang, a pheno is one individual plant from a seed lot, usually numbered during a hunt, as in "the #4 pheno". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pheno.html
Pollen chucker (aka pollen chuckers, chucker, pollen-chucker, chuckers): A pollen chucker is someone who crosses two popular plants, skips selection and testing, and sells or spreads the seed as a new line. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pollen-chucker.html
Popcorn buds (aka popcorn, popcorn nugs, popcorns, smalls): Popcorn buds are small, separate buds, usually from lower branches, often sold cheaper as "smalls" though they can be the same quality as the tops. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/popcorn-buds.html
Purp (aka purple, purps, purple weed, purple buds, purpz): Purp is slang for purple-coloured cannabis; the colour comes from anthocyanins and depends on genetics and cool temperatures, not on potency. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/purp.html
QP (aka quarter pound, quarter-pound, qps, QP+, 4 oz): A QP is a quarter pound of cannabis: 4 ounces, about 113 grams. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/qp.html
Regs (aka regulars, reg seeds, reg, regular beans): Regs is slang for regular seed: seed from a true male and female cross that gives roughly half male and half female plants. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/regs.html
Renamed cut (aka same cut 1,000 names, same cut, a thousand names, rebranded cut, renamed strain, rename): A renamed cut is a known clone sold or shared under a new name, so one genotype circulates under many labels and lineage records get muddied. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/renamed-cut.html
Restock (aka restocks, restocked, back in stock, remake): A restock is a new batch of a previously sold seed line; it may come from different parent plants than the original batch. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/restock.html
Seed bank (aka seedbank, seed banks, seed shop, seed vendor, seed company): In cannabis slang, a seed bank is a vendor that sells seed from one or many breeders; it is not the same as a conservation genebank. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seed-bank.html
Shake (aka shake weed, shakes, bottom of the bag, loose leaf): Shake is the loose fragments of flower and sugar leaf that break off buds in handling and collect at the bottom of a bag or jar. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/shake.html
Sinsemilla (aka sensi, sinse, sens, sin semilla): Sinsemilla (sensi) is seedless cannabis flower from unpollinated female plants; the word is Spanish for "without seed". https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sinsemilla.html
Skunk (aka skunky, skunk weed, skunk strains, skunk family): Skunk is a generic name for a family of early hybrid cultivars from the 1970s and 1980s, and for the pungent, musky aroma they made famous. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/skunk.html
Smoke report (aka smoke reports, smoke test, tasting notes, smoke review, smoke write-up): A smoke report is a grower's or consumer's write-up of how cured flower looks, smells, tastes, burns and reportedly feels, ideally linked to how it was grown. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/smoke-report.html
Sticky (aka sticky icky, stickiness, resinous, gooey): Sticky describes resin-rich flower that clings to fingers and scissors, a sign of heavy trichome cover and well-preserved resin. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/sticky.html
Tent (aka grow tent, grow tents, tents, 4x4, 2x4, 5x5): A tent is a fabric grow enclosure with a reflective lining, zip doors and ports for ducting and cables, the standard home indoor grow space. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/tent.html
Terps (aka terp, terpy, terp-heavy, terp profile, terpage): Terps is slang for terpenes, and loosely for a cannabis cultivar's whole aroma and flavour, even though many aroma compounds are not terpenes. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/terps.html
Top shelf (aka top-shelf, top shelf flower, premium tier, tops): Top shelf is the highest price tier of flower in a shop, used as slang for any premium-looking cannabis; it reflects pricing and appearance, not verified quality. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/top-shelf.html
Zaza (aka za, exotic za, zaza weed, the za): Zaza is slang for flower marketed as premium or exotic, usually with loud aroma and bright bag appeal; the word signals price and fashion, not tested quality. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/zaza.html

## Legal and regulatory

Benefit-sharing (aka benefit sharing, access and benefit-sharing, ABS, fair and equitable benefit-sharing): Benefit-sharing is returning a fair share of the benefits from using genetic resources or traditional knowledge, money, credit, access or support, to the people who provided them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/benefit-sharing.html
Biopiracy (aka bio-piracy, biopirates, genetic resource misappropriation, biological piracy): Biopiracy is taking genetic resources or traditional knowledge from a country or community without consent or benefit-sharing, especially to patent or profit from them. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/biopiracy.html
Cannabis irradiation (aka irradiation, irradiated cannabis, irradiated weed, gamma irradiation, e-beam treatment, x-ray treatment): Cannabis irradiation is treating harvested flower with ionising radiation, gamma, electron beam or X-ray, to cut microbial counts; permission and labelling rules vary. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/irradiation.html
Child-resistant packaging (aka CR packaging, child-proof packaging, child resistant, CR container, child-resistant): Child-resistant packaging is a container that most young children cannot open in a standard test while most adults can, required for cannabis in many markets. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/child-resistant-packaging.html
Compliance testing (aka total THC compliance testing, regulatory testing, mandatory testing, state testing, potency compliance test): Compliance testing is mandatory lab analysis of cannabis or hemp for potency (often total THC) and contaminants, required before sale or to prove legal status. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/compliance-testing.html
Decriminalisation vs legalisation (aka decriminalisation, decriminalization, legalisation, legalization, decrim): Decriminalisation removes or reduces criminal penalties for some cannabis offences; legalisation creates a lawful framework for production, sale and use. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/decriminalisation.html
Defensive publication (aka defensive disclosure, prior art publication, publish to protect, defensive publishing): Defensive publication is publicly disclosing a plant, trait or method so it becomes prior art, preventing others from later patenting it as new. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/defensive-publication.html
Grey market (aka gray market, grey-market, gray-market, unregulated market, legacy market): The grey market is cannabis supply outside the licensed system where use is legal or tolerated, or in a legal gap; it carries legal risk and no product oversight. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/grey-market.html
Hemp (aka industrial hemp, hemp plant, hemp cultivar, fibre hemp, fiber hemp): Hemp is cannabis grown for fibre, seed or other uses and, in many laws, defined as Cannabis sativa with no more than 0.3% THC by dry weight. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/hemp.html
Home grow (aka home cultivation, homegrow, growing at home, home growing, personal grow): Home grow is growing cannabis for personal use at your residence, permitted in some jurisdictions within plant-count, location and security limits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/home-grow.html
Labelling requirements (aka labeling requirements, cannabis labels, label rules, product labelling, packaging labels): Labelling requirements are the legal rules on what cannabis packages must and must not show, such as potency, warnings, lot number and dates. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/labelling-requirements.html
Licensed producer (aka LP, LPs, licensed grower, licensed cultivator, licensed producers, commercial licence holder): A licensed producer is a business authorised by a regulator to grow, process or sell cannabis commercially, subject to security, tracking, testing and labelling rules. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/licensed-producer.html
Medical vs adult-use (aka medical cannabis, adult-use cannabis, recreational cannabis, rec vs med, medicinal cannabis): Medical and adult-use cannabis are separate legal channels: medical access depends on authorisation by a health professional, adult-use on age alone. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/medical-vs-adult-use.html
Nagoya Protocol (aka Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing, ABS protocol, Nagoya): The Nagoya Protocol is a 2010 international treaty under the Convention on Biological Diversity governing access to genetic resources and fair sharing of their benefits. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/nagoya-protocol.html
Open-source seed (aka open source seed, OSSI pledge, open-source seed pledge, free seed, open seed): Open-source seed is seed shared under a pledge that anyone may use, breed and share it, provided they do not restrict others' use through patents or licences. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/open-source-seed.html
Personal cultivation limit (aka personal grow limit, cultivation limit, home grow limit, personal cultivation allowance): A personal cultivation limit is the legal maximum a person or household may grow for personal use, usually counted in plants, sometimes in canopy area. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/personal-cultivation-limit.html
Plant count limit (aka plant count, plant limit, plant-count rule, plant numbers limit): A plant count limit caps how many cannabis plants a person, household, patient or licence holder may have, and defines what counts as a plant. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-count-limit.html
Plant patent (aka plant patents, PP, US plant patent): A plant patent, in the US, protects a new and distinct asexually reproduced plant variety, such as a clone, for about 20 years from filing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-patent.html
Plant variety protection (aka PVP, plant breeders' rights, PBR, PVP certificate, breeders' rights): Plant variety protection (plant breeders' rights) is an intellectual property right for a new plant variety that is distinct, uniform and stable, typically 20-25 years. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/plant-variety-protection.html
Possession limit (aka possession limits, possession cap, public possession limit, legal limit (possession)): A possession limit is the maximum amount of cannabis a person may legally carry or keep, usually set by weight of dried flower or an equivalent. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/possession-limit.html
Prior informed consent (aka PIC, free, prior and informed consent, FPIC, informed consent (genetic resources)): Prior informed consent is permission given in advance, with full information about intended use, by a country or community before its genetic resources or knowledge are accessed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/prior-informed-consent.html
Scheduling (aka drug scheduling, drug schedule, schedule I, Schedule 1, controlled substance schedule, rescheduling): Scheduling is placing a substance in a legal category of a drug-control law or treaty, which sets how strictly it is controlled and whether medical use is recognised. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/scheduling.html
Seed-to-sale tracking (aka seed to sale, seed-to-sale, seed-to-sale system, s2s): Seed-to-sale tracking is the regulatory system that records every licensed cannabis plant and batch from propagation through harvest, processing, testing and sale. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seed-to-sale-tracking.html
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (aka Single Convention, 1961 Single Convention, Single Convention 1961, UN drug convention): The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is the UN treaty that obliges parties to control cannabis and other listed drugs, limiting them to medical and scientific use. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/single-convention-1961.html
Track-and-trace (aka track and trace, traceability, cannabis tracking system, product traceability): Track-and-trace is the ability to follow a regulated product through the supply chain and back to its source, the basis of cannabis tracking and recalls. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/track-and-trace.html
UPOV (aka UPOV Convention, International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, UPOV 1991, UPOV 91): UPOV is the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and its convention, the treaty framework most national plant breeders' rights laws follow. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/upov.html
Utility patent (aka utility patents, plant utility patent, trait patent, method patent): A utility patent protects a new, useful and non-obvious invention; for plants it can cover varieties, seeds, specific traits or breeding and processing methods. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/utility-patent.html

## GenetixBay terms

Bay Lines (aka Bay Line, GenetixBay lines, community lines, community breeding programme): Bay Lines are GenetixBay's community breeding programme: lines bred from member-nominated keepers and documented males, tested and released with full records. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bay-lines.html
Bay Trials (aka Bay Trial, GenetixBay trials, member trials, open trials): Bay Trials are GenetixBay's member-run controlled grow experiments that test growing claims side by side and publish the results openly. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/bay-trials.html
Cultured Pearls (aka Cultured Pearl, purchased Pearls, store credit Pearls): Cultured Pearls are GenetixBay Pearls bought with money, usable only as store credit in the GenetixBay store; they never transfer between members. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/cultured-pearls.html
Evidence ladder (aka Established, Supported, Grower practice, Contested, Myth, evidence labels): The GenetixBay evidence ladder labels every growing claim as Established, Supported, Grower practice, Contested or Myth, according to how strong the evidence is. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/evidence-ladder.html
Evidence levels L0-L4 (aka L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, lineage evidence levels, GB-ID evidence levels): GenetixBay evidence levels rate lineage claims from L0 (unverified) through L1 community reported, L2 breeder reported and L3 documented to L4 lab-confirmed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/evidence-levels-l0-l4.html
Founding Member (aka Founding Members, founding membership, founding cohort, Founding Member badge): A Founding Member is an early backer of GenetixBay who joins before launch, getting first access, a permanent badge and among the lowest numbers in the archive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/founding-member.html
GB-ID (aka GB ID, GBID, GenetixBay ID, GB-IDs, GenetixBay identifier): A GB-ID is GenetixBay's permanent identifier, such as GB-GEN-0001842-6, for a genetic line, landrace, seed batch, plant, cut, grow, harvest, trial or document, so records never get lost or renamed. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/gb-id.html
Herm threshold (aka 2% herm threshold, Verified under 2% herm rate, herm screening, herm rate threshold, hermaphrodite threshold, 2 percent herm rule, herm rate): The herm threshold is GenetixBay's two-tier herm standard: a 10-plant screening grow with zero herms to be featured, then about 150 or more community-grown plants before a line can be Verified under 2% herm rate. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/herm-threshold.html
Jardin (aka Jardin grow system, GenetixBay Jardin, Jardin controller, Jardin hub): Jardin is GenetixBay's grow system in development: a controller and sensor kit for logging and climate control, with per-element custom nutrient dosing. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/jardin.html
Mythbusters (aka GenetixBay Mythbusters, Mythbusters page, myth busting, busted myths): Mythbusters is GenetixBay's page of growing myths and their verdicts, with open Bay Trials and finished results marked Busted, Confirmed or Inconclusive. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/mythbusters.html
Open research (aka open science, GenetixBay open research, citizen science, community research): Open research is GenetixBay's approach of settling growing questions with member-run controlled trials and publishing protocols, data and verdicts for anyone to see. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/open-research.html
Pearls (aka Pearl, GenetixBay Pearls, Bay Pearls, Pearl balance): Pearls are GenetixBay's community points, in two kinds: Wild Pearls earned by contributing, and Cultured Pearls bought as store credit; neither has cash value. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/pearls.html
Professor Greenleaf (aka Greenleaf, the Professor, Prof Greenleaf, Professor): Professor Greenleaf is GenetixBay's character and botanical knowledge assistant, who answers growing and breeding questions from the cited knowledge base and the grower's own records. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/professor-greenleaf.html
Seed Club (aka GenetixBay Seed Club, Bay Seed Club, the Seed Club, seed subscription): The Seed Club is GenetixBay's seed programme run through a licensed partner, offering tested seed lots with published batch records where the law allows. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/seed-club.html
Stud Book (aka the Stud Book, GenetixBay Stud Book, male showcase): The Stud Book is GenetixBay's showcase of documented male plants, with selection journals, keeper details and sire credits; males are encouraged and rewarded. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/stud-book.html
The Swap (aka Swap, GenetixBay Swap, Bay Swap, member swap): The Swap is GenetixBay's pseudonymous, escrowed member-to-member exchange, reviving the Bay's 2009 peer-to-peer roots, running only in the modes local law allows. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/the-swap.html
Wild Pearls (aka Wild Pearl, earned Pearls, Wild Pearl balance): Wild Pearls are GenetixBay points earned by contributing, such as journals, males, preservation and trials; they can move between members but have no cash value. https://genetixbay.com/knowledge/glossary/wild-pearls.html